Iyo mvuga mu Rwanda, mba nvuga mu Rwanda rw’i Kigali no mu Rwanda rwo hanze. Iyi nyandiko ndayandikira kugira ngo nerekane ko uruhuri rw’amashyaka ya Polikiki ariho kurubu mu Rwanda, amenshi mubyukuri atari amashyaka. Ayo mashyaka yose, twe tuyakuramo amashyaka nyayo abiri gusa, usibye ko hari n’irindi shyaka rya gatatu ririmo kuvuka, tuza kuza kuvugaho muri iyi nyandiko.
Uko amashyaka mu Rwanda ameze ubungubu bijya gusa nuko byari bimeze muli za 59 mirongo 60.
Muli 59 mirongo 60 byari bimeze bite?
Nibyo koko ngo amateka (histoire) agenda y’isubiramo. Amashyaka agitangira mu Rwanda muli za 59, mirongo 60; havutse uruhuri rw’amashyaka, ariko mubyukuri amashyaka nyayo yari ane: Parmehutu, Aprosoma, Unar(Lunari) na Rader (1).
Dore uruhuli rw’udushyaka twaliho icyo gihe:
- ABAKI: Alliance des Bakiga
- ABESC : Association des Bahutu evuluant pour la suppression des castes
- ACR : Association des Cultivateurs du Rwanda
- APADEC : Association du Parti Democrate Chretien
- APROCOMIN : Association des Commerçants Indigenes
- AREDETWA : Association pour le Relevement Democratique des Batwa
- ARUCO : Alliance du Ruanda – Urundi et du Congo
- ASSERU : Association des Eleveurs du Rwanda
- MOMOR: Mouvement Monarchiste Rwandais
- MUR : Parti Monarchiste Progressiste
- PSCR : Parti Social Chretien du Rwanda
- UAARU : Union des Aborozi Africains du Rwanda
- UMAR : Union des Masses Rwandaises
- UNAFREUROP: Union Afro-Europeenne
- UNINTERCOKI: Union des Interets Communs du Kinyaga
Aprosoma, Rader na Lunari byaje kuva mu kibuga bate?
Aprosoma kubera ko yali ifite ukuguru kumwe muli Parmehutu (kubera guharanira inyungu z’abahutu rubanda nyamwinshi) ukundi kuguru kukaba muli UNAR (kubera ko yashakaga ko ubwami bukomeza kubaho, aliko bufite indi sura); yaratandaraje irashwanyuka.
Aprosoma yaje kwicamo ibice bibiri, bitewe na Gitera washyizeho: Aprosoma Rwanda-Union, mbere gato y’uko amatora y’abadepite na Kamarampaka yo muli 1961 aba. Ikindi kandi Gitera yaje kwifatanya n’abatutsi kuko kuli liste ye y’amatora yarimo n’abatutsi (2). Ntihagire uwunva ko ndikugabanya agaciro ka Nyakubahwa Gitera. Ndi mukuvuga amateka uko byagenze. Gitera ni umwe mubanyarwanda twubaha nanjye nubaha wahatanye kugira ngo urwanda rubone ubwigenge bunibohore ingoma y’ubuhake bw’abatutsi.
Rader yashinzwe n’aba intellectuels b’abatutsi. Ijyaho yarigamije kuba ishyaka ry’aba modérés ririmo abatutsi n’abahutu rigamije gusarangaya ubutegetsi kw’abahutu n’abatutsi. Ibyo ariko ntibyashoboye kugerwaho, kuko abahutu bari bajijutse batizeye ibyo abatutsi bo muli Rader bavugaga.
Amatora yambere mu Rwanda yabaye kuva taliki 26/6 kugeza 30/7/ 1960. Ayo matora yaragamije gushyiraho abayobozi b’amakomini na ba Konseye mu Rwanda. Dore uko ayo mashyaka yitwaye muri ayo matora:
- PARMEHUTU yagize 70,4%
- APROSOMA yagize 7,4%
- RADER yagize 6,6%
- PARMEHUTU- APROSOMA 6% (hari aho ayo mashyaka yombi yagiye yishyira hamwe, nko muli territoire ya Shangugu)
- UNAR 1,7 %
- Andi mashyaka 7,9 %
Ubugambane bw’Abatutsi na Loni si ubwa none, bwatangiye kera. Ayo matora amaze kuba, Rader na Lunari (Unar) byishize hamwe barayanga. Bohereje intumwa muli Loni, zisaba ko haba amatora ya Kamarampaka. Loni yemeje Kamarampaka yasabiwe n’Abatutsi mucyemezo cyayo cya 1580/XV (3). Abaturage bagombaga kuvuga nimba bashaka umwami cyangwa Repubulika. Abatutsi bimbwiraga ko Abaturage bakunze ubwami. Ibiramambu rero amatora ya Kamarampaka bikururiye, abaye; rubanda nyamwinshi yanze ubwami itora Repubulika.
Ibintu iyo ubirebye usanga bishekeje. Nkuko abatutsi bomuli 1960 bibwiraga ko Abanyarwanda rubanda nyamwinshi bakunze ubwami, ni nako Kagame, FPR n’abambari babo bibeshya bibwira ko Abaturage bakunze ubutegetsi bwabo!
Ngarutse kumakendera ya Aprosoma, Lunari na Rader, turasanga ayo mashyaka yaragiye azima nyuma y’amatora y’abadepite na Kamarampaka byabaye taliki ya 25 Nzeli (Septembre) 1961.
Dore uko amatora yo muli 61 yagenze:
- Parmehutu: 77,7% yegukana abadepite 35
- Unar: 16,8% yegukana abadepite 7
- Aprosoma (igice cyasigaye kitari icya Gitera): 3,5% yegukanya abadepite 2
- Andi mashyaka harimo na Aprosoma-Rwanda-Union ya Gitera: 1,7% nta mudepite babonye
- Rader: 0,3% nta mudepite babonye
Birunvikana ko nyuma yayo matora Aprosoma ya Gitera na Rader byahise biva murubuga rwa Politiki cyane cyane ko nta mudepite n’umwe byali bafite mu nteko ishinga amategeko.
Amatora ya Kamarampaka yanze ubwami kwijanisha rya 80 (80%).
Kuva muli 1961 kugeza muli 1963 abatutsi bagera kubihumbi magana atatatu (300.000) bari bamaze guhunga bava mugihugu bajya mubihugu bitandukanye bihana imbibi n’u Rwanda. Ishyaka Lunari riza kuzimangana ritsyo. Amatora yakurikiye ayo muli 1961, yabaye muli 1965, byagaragaye ko Parmehutu yasigaye ariryo shyaka ryonyine riri mu kibuga; kuburyo muri ayo matora Prezida Kayibanda yegukanye 98% y’amatora. Aha bikaba bigaragara ko Demukarasi yari yaratangiye kubangamirwa.
Muli 2014 ibyamashyaka bimeze bite?
Iyo witegereje uko amashyaka ateye muli 2014, hari aho usanga bihuriye no muli za 59 mirongo 60.
Uruhuri rw’amashyaka ruriho ubu, sukuvuga ko hali idéologie politique ayo mashyaka yose afite yihariye. Muli politique yo mu Rwanda, hali idéologies ebyili gusa : iya MDR(Parmehutu) iharanira inyungu z’Abahutu, rubanda nyamwinshi;n’iya Lunari (UNAR) iharanira inyungu z’abatutsi, rubanda nyamuke.
Guharanira inyungu z’abahutu cyangwa guharanira inyungu z’abatutsi byaba bitandukanye (bihabanye) no guharanira demukarasi? Mugihe bikorwa muburyo bugaragara (transparence) kandi utagamije guharanira inyungu zawe ukandamiza inyungu z’abandi, turabona nta cyaha dirimo. Gusa hagomba kubaho za Institutions Politiques zikomeye zirinda amashyaka nkayo gutambikira.
Idéologie ya MDR (Parmehutu), muri iki gihe tubona ko urumuri rwayo ruhemberewe cyane cyane na FDLR. Naho idéologie ya Lunari ikaba yarakomejwe na FPR-Inkotanyi. Ayo rero niyo mashyaka tubona ari mu Rwanda kuko afite idéologie agenderaho yacengejwe mubaturage kuva kera.
Ariko, iyo dusesenguye amashyaka yo mu Rwanda ariho ubungubu, tubona hari indi nzira ya gatatu iriho igaragara. Iyo nzira tubona irangajwe imbere n’ishyaka rya RNC. RNC kimwe na RADER yakera ni ishyaka des élites, des intellectuels, des modérés, rihuriwemo n’abatutsi n’abahutu. Ni ishyaka rifite ibitekerezo byiza, ariko si ishyaka de masse nka MDR cyangwa FPR. RNC iracyafite inzira ndende kugira ngo igere kurugero rw’ishyaka rya rubanda (parti de masse).
Amashyaka ariho kurubu ushobora kugenda uyashyira muri izo catégories eshatu z’amashyaka.
Amashyaka tubona ali muli mouvance ya MDR Parmehutu ni nka: FDLR, PS-Imberakuri, FDU Inkingi, Parti Ishema, etc.
Amashyaka tubona ali muli mouvance ya FPR-Inkotanyi: ni utwo dushyaka twose dushamikiye kuli FPR cyangwa FPR igenda ishyirishaho kugira ngo iyobye uburari ko mu Rwanda hariho amashyaka menshi.
Amashyaka ali muli mouvance ya RNC ni nka: Parti Amahoro, PDR Ihumure, RDI Rwanda Rwiza, etc.
MDR ntitukibeshye ngo yarazimye. Urumuru rwa Demukarasi ruracyagurumana mumitima y’abanyarwanda benshi. MDR ni ishyaka populaire de masse, ntimuzatungurwe mubonye MDR yongeye kuzuka no kugera kubutegetsi.
Iyo FPR irwanya FDLR nti hakagire uwibeshya ngo FPR irarwanya FDLR. FPR iba irwanya idéologie ya MDR Parmehutu. Kandi irayizi, izi icyo yakoreye uwayibyaye aliwe Lunari (UNAR) muli 1959-1960. Turahamya ko habaye amatora adafifitse mu Rwanda uyu munsi, MDR ishobora gutsinda amatora. MDR iracyari mu maraso y’abanyarwanda benshi, ntabwo irazima.
MDR ni ishyaka abahutu benshi bibonamo. Ni ishyaka rifite histoire, ni ishyaka ryabohoye Abahutu kungoyi yagihake y’Abatutsi. Nubwo yaje gusa niyoyotse nyuma ya Coup d’État yo muli 1973, yaje kuzuka muli 1991, izukana ingufu nyinshi ubwo amashyaka menshi yemerwaga mu Rwanda. Yaje kugenda izima buhoro buhoro ubwo FPR yafataga ubutegetsi muli 1994 kugeza ubwo ikuweho n’itegeko rya Leta ya FPR muli 2003. Ntagushidikanya ko urubuga rw’amashyaka nirwongera gufunguka mu Rwanda, MDR izongera ikazuka, ikanazukana ingufu nyinshi kuburyo izatsinda amatora ikongera ikayobora igihugu.
Revolution yo muli 1959 ntabwo yarangiye. Yaratokowe. Ikeneye gutokorwa, hakajyaho ubutegetsi abanyarwanda bose bahuriyeho kandi bibonamo. Ariko nanone rero, muli iki kinyejyana tugezemo, ntabwo idéologie yagombye kugendera kubwoko, cyangwa kukarere.
Umwanzuro
Iyi nyandiko nyanditse nzi ko ishobora gukurura impaka nyinshi. Ibi ni ibitekerezo byanjye kugiti cyanjye. Mushobora kubyemera cyangwa ntimubyemere. Amashyaka afite uburenganzira bwo kunvuguruza, bavuga ko batari muli catégorie iyi n’iyi nabashyizemo.
Jotham Rwamiheto
Montréal, Canada
Impirimbanyi ya Demukarasi: Imbunda yanjye ni ikaramu, amasasu yanjye ni ibitekerezo.
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Ibyungiriza inyandiko
- Parmehutu : Parti du Mouvement pour l’émancipation des Hutus ; Unar : Union Nationale Rwandaise ; Rader : Rassemblement Démocratique Républicain ; Aprosoma : Association pour la Promotion de la Masse.
- Philip Reytjens, Extrait du livre : Pouvoir et Droit au Rwanda. Droit public et Evolution Politique, 1916-1973 (Tervuren, Koninklijk Museum voor Midden Afrika, 1985: pp.297304) (http://www.olny.nl/RWANDA/Archives/Dossier_Premiere_Republique/F_Reyntjens_Elections_Legislatives_Referendum.html )
- Résolution des Nations Unis du 20 décembre 1960: 1580/XV (http://www.un.org/french/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/1580%28XV%29&Lang=F )
