Bavandimwe,
Ndabanza kwisegura kubera impamvu zitanturutseho, ntabwo nashoboye kuza kwifatanya namwe mu biganiro ku bibazo by’igihugu cyacu, u Rwanda.
- Ibihe by’Impinduka ya Politiki mu Rwanda
Hari abashobora kwibaza bati ese ibibazo by’u Rwanda ubizi ute ko wibereye mu mahanga?
Amateka ya politiki y’u Rwanda nayakurikiranye kuva nkiri muto. Mu gihe cy’Impinduramatwara yo muli 1959 nari mfite imyaka icumi, nigaga mu mwaka wa kane w’amashuli abanza. Icyo gihe kandi twari dutuye hafi ya Paruwasi ya Rushaki, ku buryo iyo habaga inama hafi aho nagendaga ngiye kureba ibihabera kubera amatsiko. Urugero: ndibuka nk’inama umurwanashyaka wa MDR Parmehutu yakoresheje i Rushaki mu mwaka wa 1959. Icyo gihe hari ku cyumweru, misa irangiye. Ayikoreshereza mu nzu bitaga “ikibeho”. Iyo nama yarimo abantu bakuru, ariko kubera amatsiko nanjye nari nyirimo kandi nta nubwo nari nakabatizwa. Data yakundaga kujya kwa padiri ku mugoroba kumva radio, maze tukajyana. Amatangazo yanyanyagizwaga na za kajujugu ninjye wayasomeraga data n’abaturanyi. Umunsi wa Kamarampaka rero wo kuwa 25 Nzeri 1961 ndawibuka cyane, kuko ndetse nibuka n’ibyo abaturage bayivugagaho n’ibyo bari biteze kuri icyo gikorwa cyabo cyabahaye mwanya wo kugena ubutegetsi bumva bubabereye. Icyo gihe rwose Abanyarwanda muri rusange bari bishimye.
- Imiyoborere y’u Rwanda Rwigenga
Inkundura ya demokarasi yagejeje u Rwanda ku bwigenge, yitabiriwe n’Abanyarwanda bo mu moko yose kandi bakomoka mu turere twose tugize u Rwanda. Urebye isafari ya demokarasi yari yatangiye neza ni uko yaje kuvangirwa n’abatarishimiye kwamburwa ubutegetsi bugafatwa n’abari “rubanda rugufi”. Aba nabo kudashyigikira ibitekerezo by’abaharaniraga demokarasi, byari uburenganzira bwabo, bwo kugira ukundi babona inzira ya politiki. Gusa icyo batari bafitiye uburenganzira, ni ugukomeza guhaka abandi Banyarwanda baba Abahutu, Abatutsi cyangwa Abatwa baciye bugufi. Igihe u Rwanda ruboneye ubwigenge kuwa 1 Nyakanga 1962, nari mu mashuli yisumbuye. Bityo nkaba narashoboye gukurikiranira hafi ibyaberaga mu Rwanda mu gihe cya Repubulika ya mbere, ni ukuvuga ku butegetsi bwa Gregoire Kayibanda kuko nigaga muri Kaminuza. Ku butegetsi bwa Repubulika ya kabiri yari iyobowe na Juvenal Habyarimana, nabaye umukozi mukuru muli Ofisi y’Amatangazo ya Leta (ORINFOR) nshinzwe Radio Rwanda. Nyuma naje gusubira kwiga, ndangije nsubira gukora muri ORINFOR nshinzwe imishinga. Muw’ 1991, ndi mu bitabiriye ishyaka MDR mpagarariye Prefegitura ya Byumba muri Komite Nyobozi y’ishyaka mu rwego rw’igihugu.
Ndagerageza kuvuga muri make uko nabonye ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda mu gihe cya Repubulika ya kabiri ruyobowe na Perezida Yuvenali Habyarimana. Ndagerageza kuvugisha ukuri kuko ari byo mbona bishobora gutuma twizerana, dusabana, kandi dutegura ejo hazaza heza h’igihugu cyacu n’abazadukomokaho muri rusange.
Njye mbona ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Yuvenali Habyarimana bwagiyeho kuwa 5 Nyakanga 1973 bwarakomerezaga aho Repubulika ya mbere yari igejeje. Ibi niko nabibonye kubera ko politiki y’ubumwe n’amahoro Habyarimana yari ashyize imbere, ntabwo yari itandukanye cyane n’ibyo Abarwanashyaka bagejeje u Rwanda ku bwigenge baharaniye. Ikindi ni uko, iyo urebye usanga Repubulika ya mbere yari yarihaye inshingano zo gusubiza agaciro Umunyarwanda wese wari warakandamijwe n’ingoma ya Cyami. Ni muri urwo rwego rero mbona politiki y’amajyambere y’icyaro Perezida Habyarimana yari ashyize imbere yari igamije kuzamura rubanda rugufi. Ni ukuvuga ko izo Repubulika zombi zari zifite “umuturage” muri gahunda y’amajyambere. Iyi ntumbero ya politiki y’izo repubulika zombi itandukanye n’iya FPR muri iki gihe yitaye ku “baherwe”, aho umuturage rubanda rugufi adafite umwanya mw’iterambere ry’igihugu.
- Isubiranamo n’Umwiryane muri Repubulika ya Mbere n’iya Kabiri
Isubiranamo hagati y’amoko byari byagaragaye mu Rwanda rukimara kubona ubwigenge, byagiye biterwa n’ibitero bya L’UNAR n’umutwe w’ingabo zayo Ingangurarugo Ziyemeje kuba Ingenzi (INYENZI) bari banze kuyoboka ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika, bahitamo gusubiza u Rwanda ku ngoma ya gihake ku ruhembe rw’umuheto.
Poliki y’ubumwe n’amahoro kuri Repubulika ya kabiri yaje gukorwa mu nkokora n’uburyo Perezida Habyarimana akimara gufata ubutegetsi, uwari umukuru w’igihugu ariwe Perezida Gregoire Kayibanda hamwe n’ibyegera bye bafashwe bagafungwa. Perezida Kayibanda yaje gupfa mu buryo budasobanutse ndetse n’Abanyarwanda ntibabibwirwa. Abari ibyegera bye nabo, ndavuga cyane cyane abanyapolitiki bakomokaga muri Perefegitura ya Gitarama barafunzwe ndetse baricwa. Urupfu bapfuye n’ababishe ntibyigeze bitangarizwa Abanyarwanda. Iki kibazo cyabaye ipfundo rikomeye ryateye urwikekwe hagati y’uturere. Mu gihe cy’uruhando rw’amashyaka ya politiki muri za 90, wasangaga ayo mateka mabi afite aho yerekeza politiki yo muri ibyo bihe bitari byoroheye ubutegetsi n’igihugu cyari mu ntambara n’umutwe wa FPR- Inkotanyi. Uru rwikekwe rwabaye inzigo yahaye FPR amahirwe yo kwinjira muri politiki ya “have mpajye” yakorwaga mu Rwanda muri icyo gihe.
Mbere yo gukomeza ndagirango mbanze ngaruke ku mateka y’u Rwanda yaranzwe n’isubiranamo ndetse no kwihimura, noneho ngire icyo mvuga ku magambo akunze kuvugwa. Abanyarwanda bamwe bagira bati, “Abakiga bishe Abanyenduga” cyangwa se “Abahutu bishe Abatutsi”, cyangwa se “Abatutsi bishe Abahutu.” Izi imvugo ntacyo zamara mu kubaka u Rwanda n’Umunyarwanda. Ahubwo n’izo gutuma Abanyarwanda tudasesengura ibibazo uko biteye ahubwo bikaba mubituma bamwe bakaza umurindi wo kuducamo ibice. Abishe abanyapolitiki maze kuvuga, babikoze ku giti cyabo bagomba kubiryozwa ku giti cyabo. Na none kandi, hari ba Nyirabayazana b’amarorerwa yabaye mu Rwanda kuva muw’ 1990 kugeza muw’ 1994 na nyuma yaho magingo aya. Ababikoze babikoze ku giti cyabo. Niyo mpamvu rero kubibaryoza bigomba kuba umwihariko wabo. Ntabwo ari Abahutu bari babatumye ngo bakore ubwo bwicanyi mw’izina ryabo kimwe nuko abo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi bishe Abahutu batabikoze mw’izina ry’Abatutsi. Ibi byo kwitirira ubwoko cyangwa se akarere ibyaha byakozwe, bikingira ikibaba inkozi z’ibibi ziboneka mu moko yose no mu turere twose two mu Rwanda.
Ngaruke ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana. Politiki y’ubumwe n’amahoro ntabwo yakomeje gushimangira ibyo impirimbanyi za demokarasi zari zaragejeje ku Banyarwanda. Icengezamatwara ya politiki yibanze ku cyerekezo cy’amajyambere maze isa niyirengagiza aho igihugu cyari kivuye mbere yo kubona ubwigenge. Ibi byagaragariye cyane mu ivanwaho ry’iminsi ikomeye ya Repubulika itarakomeje kwizihizwa. Aha twavuga aya mataliki:
- Taliki ya 28 Mutarama 1961 ubwo Abajyanama na ba Bourgmestres bateraniraga i Gitarama bagaca burundu ingoma ya cyami, bakimika Repubulika mu Rwanda mu nama yiswe “ Coup d’Etat de Gitarama.” Hashyizweho ubuyobozi bw’igihugu bushingiye nyine kuri Repubulika bushyizweho n’abaturage cyangwa intumwa za rubanda.
- Taliki ya 25 Nzeri 1961, umunsi wa Kamarampaka (referendum) yabaye itegetswe kandi inashyigikiwe n’Umuryango w’Ababibumbye (ONU) maze Abanyarwanda bagashimangira ibyemezo byafatiwe i Gitarama kuwa 28 Mutarama 1961.
- Taliki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962 umunsi u Rwanda rusubirana ubwigenge maze ibendera ry’u Rwanda rigasimbura Kalinga, yari yavaniweho i Gitarama kuwa 28 Mutarama 1961. Icyo gihe ibendera ry’u Rwanda ryarazamuwe iry’Ububiligi riramanurwa.
Aya mataliki ntabwo yahawe umwanya ngo yizihizwe. Ibi byatumye imyumvire ya poliki (ideologie) yo kwibohora no gufatira hejuru ibyiza bya demokarasi bidahabwa umwanya mu myumvire y’Umunyarwanda. Ibi byatumye kandi umuco wo guhakwa n’ikimenyane (trafique d’influence) ufata ikicaro mu mitwe y’Abanyarwanda.
- Ibikorwa by’Amajyambere
Ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika bwaharaniraga “rubanda rugufi”. Rubanda rugufi byavugaga Abatutsi bakennye, Abahutu, n’Abatwa. Byumvikane neza ko ntavuga “rubanda nyamwinshi.” Uko mbizi iyi mvugo “rubanda nyamwinshi” ni imvugo yuzuyemo ivangura gusa. Iyi mvugo yazanywe n’ishyaka CDR (Coalitition pour la Defense de la Republique). Abaharaniye Republika bashakaga ko rubanda rugufi ruzamuka nta kurobanura. Ku butegetsi bwa Habyarimana habayeho ubumwe, amahoro, n’amajyambere. Imwe mu byemezo byo kugera kuri iyo ntego byari iringaniza (equilibre ethnique et regional) ni ukuvuga iringaniza rishingiye ku moko n’uturere ari mu mashuli ari no mu kazi. Iyi politiki y’iringaniza yari nziza kuko yari igamije gusaranganya ibyiza by’igihugu ku baturage bose. Icyagaragaye ni uko nyuma yaje kuyoborwa nabi, bigatuma rubanda rutayigirira ikizere.
Simpakana ko ku butegetsi bwa Habyarimana hatabaye ibikorwa bya kijyambere byinshi kuko imihanda yarakozwe mu gihugu hose, amavuriro, amashuri, ibigo nderabuzima, ibiro by’amakomini byarubatswe. Itumanaho no gutwara abantu n’imizigo byateye imbere. Abikorera ku giti cyabo nabo bagize ibikorwa byinshi biteza igihugu imbere. Muri aba banyemari ndetse babonaga n’inguzanyo mu ma banki, hari higanjemo abo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi, ibi bikaba bituma uwashaka kwerekana ko ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwaziraga Abatutsi ntiyabona uko abisobanura kandi aribo bari abanyemari bakomeye.
Nyamara habaye kwigizayo abandi. Aha ndavuga exclusion politique. Ibi bikaba bivuguruza ubumwe n’amahoro. Iyo exclusion politique yatumye mu myanya ya politiki yo hejuru higanzamo abahutu baturuka mu majyaruguru n’abatutsi bafite ikimenyane. Ibyo byatumaga habaho imyumvire ko imyanya ya politiki yo hejuru, amashuri, n’ibindi bikorwa by’amajyambere bihabwa abantu hakurikijwe uturere cyangwa ubwoko baturukamo. N’ubwo rero ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwitwararitse imishinga n’ibikorwa bitsura amajyambere y’icyaro, hari benshi batishimiye uko bafatwaga bakumva ko batahawe imyanya kubera aho bakomoka. Nubwo umuntu atakwihandagaza ngo avuge ko nta kimenyane cyabayemo, hari n’abarakare benshi bakomokaga mu majyaruguru y’igihugu (mu Rukiga) kubera ko ntawaneza bose. Kimwe nuko ntawahamya ko mu butegetsi bwa Habyarimana nta bantu bo mu Nduga cyangwa se bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi batarimo.
Abateguraga kugaba intambara ku Rwanda nabo ntibari bicaye. Amacakubiri mu Banyarwanda ashingiye ku moko yakajije umurego kubera umuhate wa FPR-Inkotanyi yashyushyaga imitwe y’abaturage. Ni muri urwo rwego rubanda rugufi ndavuga Abatutsi, Abahutu n’Abatwa bakennye yacitsemo ibice kubera ivangura rishingiye ku moko n’uturere maze umutwe wa FPR-Inkotanyi ubona ukuntu utangira kwiyegereza bamwe mu Batutsi bari imbere mu gihugu, na bamwe mu Bahutu. Mu Batutsi ishakishamo abasore n’inkumi maze itangiza intambara ya gisilikare. Kubera gucikamo ibice no kudashyira hamwe muri politiki mu nyugu z’igihugu (politique d’interet national) byari byiganje mu Banyarwanda bari mu gihugu ubutegetsi bwariho ntibwashoboye kurengera ubusugire bw’igihugu, ngo bunashobore intambara y’amagambo (bataille pour l’opinion publique nationale et internationale) n’intambara ya diplomatie.
Republika igishingwa ubutegetsi bwagiyeho bwari bwihutiye gushinga “garde nationale” yo kuregera impindura matwara ya 1959. Iyo garde nationale yitwaye neza ku buryo umutwe w’Inyenzi aha ndavuga “Ingangurarugo Ziyemeje Kuba Ingenzi” watsinzwe nubwo wari ufite ibihugu byiyitaga “socialistes” biwufasha. Ikibazo cya exclusion politique kinjiye no mu ngabo z’u Rwanda aho aba officiers bamwe bigijweyo kubera aho bakomoka. Aha ndavuga cyane cyane nk’aba officiers b’i Byumba barenga icumi uhereye k’urwego rwa Lieutenant ukageza k’urwego rwa Lieutenant Colonel birukanwe mu ngabo maze bakaza kuzisubizwamo bisabwe n’amashyaka menshi (multipartisme.) Umuntu yavuga ko ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana bwacunze ingabo mu buryo bwo kurwanya icyahirika ubutegetsi nta kureba ubusugire bw’igihugu.
Ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana ntibwashoboye gucunga processus de democratisation. Kuberako igihugu cyari cyaramunzwe, amashyaka ya politiki yavutse icyo gihe wasangaga yiganjemo kutareba kure no gushaka inyungu za bamwe yitwaje akababaro k’abari barapfukiranywe noneho ba bandi bari barigijweyo na exclusion politique baza bavuga bati “Have mpajye”. Abenshi bo muri ayo mashyaka yari yavutse bibwiragako uwari ubabangamiye kurushya abandi atari Inkotanyi zari zateye igihugu, ahubwo ari ubutegetsi buriho. Ibyakurikiyeho murabizi ni amarorerwa n’amahano atarigeze abaho mu Rwanda. Ubutegetsi bwavuye mu muvu w’amaraso Eugene Ndahayo araza kubusesengura, reka mpinnire aha.
Mureke nsoze mvuga ko Repubulika yaje ije kurengera rubanda rugufi ariko ntibyagenze uko abaturage babyifuzaga ku butegetsi bwagiyeho kuva u Rwanda rusubirana ubwigenge. Nibutse ko ntakoresha imvugo ivangura (langage discriminatoire code). Ndavuga Abatutsi bari bakennye, abahutu n’abatwa. Mu gushaka gukosora imwe mu mikorere mibi ya Repubulika ya mbere, ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwaje kugwa mu mutego wo kuvanaho ibimenyetso bya Republika, kwigizayo bamwe mu bandi banyarwanda (politique d’exclusion) ari bimwe mu byatumye ubutegetsi bumungwa, maze umutwe wa FPR-Inkotanyi ukabona icyuho n’urwitwazo byo gufata ubutegetsi. Aho ubutegetsi bw’uyumutwe FPR-Inkotanyi ugizwe n’abagizi ba nabi bugejeje urwatubyaye n’Abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose murahazi.
Nicyo gituma abanyarwanda bakwiye guhaguruka kugira ngo tudasubira inyuma, mu byatumye abana b’u Rwanda basubiranamo kuva ku Bwami kugeza magingo aya. U Rwanda rwacu rukeneye impindura ya demokarasi, kugira ngo buri wese, aho ava akagera yumve ko afite umwanya mu gihugu cye, kandi ko afite akamaro, icyubahiro akwiye, n’ukwishyira ukizana. Nibyo twise “Democratie Consensuelle”. Ingoma y’Iterabwoba ya FPR-Inkotanyi tuzayikuraho dukoresheje impindura ya “Demokarasi Yumvikanweho – Democratie Consensuelle”.
Ndabashimiye kuba mwanteze amatwi.
Dr. Jean-Marie Vianney Higiro
Umuyobozi W’Urunana rw’Abaharanira Ubumwe na Demokarasi (RUD-Urunana
Bruxelles, kuwa 27 Nzeri 2014
