Perezida<\/p>\n
Democratic Alliance<\/p>\n
Tel: +32465337114<\/p>\n
E-mail: seburanga@yahoo.fr<\/p>\n
UMWANYA W\u2019UBWOKO MU MISHYIKIRANO KU ISANGIRA RY\u2019UBUTEGETSI MU RWANDA (DRAFT 1)<\/strong><\/p>\n —————-<\/p>\n \u201cNo one is allowed to say\u2026the old tension between Hutus & Tutsis is still there, beneath the surface. But it is.<\/em><\/strong>\u201d \u2013tweet by KENNETH ROTH, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch (August 5, 2017).<\/p>\n —————-<\/p>\n Hashize imyaka makumyabiri n\u2019itanu amasezerano y\u2019amahoro y\u2019i Arusha ashyizweho umukono. Kuzirikana ku byiza byari biyakubiyemo bizahora ari ingenzi, cyane cyane ku bantu bifuza kuyubakiraho bategura ejo hazaza heza h\u2019u Rwanda. Ku rundi ruhande ariko ni ngombwa kuzirikana ku nenge zagaragaye muri ayo masezerano, ari zo zishobora kuba zaratumye adashyirwa mu bikorwa kandi zigatuma icyizere cy\u2019isangira ry\u2019ubutegetsi kiyoyoka. Iyi nyandiko, iribanda ku ngaruka mbi zo kudaha ubwoko umwanya ukwiye, ni ukuvuga kudaha ubwoko umwanya ku rugero rungana n\u2019urwo bufite muri politiki nyarwanda.<\/p>\n MU MIZI Y\u2019IKIBAZO<\/u><\/p>\n Mu bihereranye n\u2019ubwiganze bw\u2019abagize ubwoko runaka, umuryango nyarwanda uteye ku buryo, mu gihugu (1) kirangwamo imitekerereze y\u2019uko ubwoko busumbana (ethnic supremacism) (2) kandi kirangwa no kuba abantu baba biteze ko amatora azakorwa mu buryo butonesha abakandida bahuje ubwoko n\u2019abatora,<\/p>\n (I) hari abanyapoliki bumva bafite icyizere cyo gutsinda amatora bitewe n<\/u>\u2019ubwiganze bw<\/u>\u2019abo bahuje ubwoko na bo, mu gihe abandi bo, bashingiye ku buke bw<\/u>\u2019abo bahuje ubwoko na bo, baba batizeye kuyatsinda:<\/u><\/p>\n (1) Perezida Gr\u00e9goire Kayibanda n\u2019abo bari bafatanyije ni rumwe mu ngero z\u2019abanyapolitiki bashyize imbere ubwoko bwabo mu gushaka amajwi. Bageze ku butegetsi binyuriye mu matora kandi bakomeza kwiringira ko bazabugumishwaho na yo. N\u2019ubwo bari biganjemo abanyapolitiki bo mu karere ka Nduga, ntibyababujije gushyira ubuyobozi bw\u2019ingabo n\u2019inzego z\u2019umutekano z\u2019igihugu mu maboko ya ba ofisiye (officiers) bakomoka mu kandi karere kubera ko bari biringiye ko ubutegetsi buzakomeza gutangwa na rubanda binyuriye mu matora. Hari abemeza ko ibyo babitewe n\u2019igitekerezo cyari cyogeye cy\u2019uko abanyarwanda bo mu bwoko runaka barushanya ubushobozi bwo gusohoza inshingano runaka neza bitewe n\u2019akarere bakomokamo, bityo bakaba barishyiraga mu cyiciro cy\u2019abafite ubushobozi bwo gukora politiki kurusha ubwo gusohoza inshingano za gisirikare.<\/p>\n (2) Mu ntangiriro y\u2019imyaka ya za 1990, abari bibumbiye mu mashyaka ya opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi (MDR, PSD, PL, PDC…) ni urundi rugero rw\u2019abaharaniye impinduka mu butegetsi badakoresheje ingufu za gisirikare.<\/p>\n (II) hari abanyapoliki bumva bafite icyizere cyo kugera ku butegetsi bishingikirije ku zindi mbaraga zidashingiye ku bwinshi bw<\/u>\u2019ababashyigikiye:<\/u><\/p>\n (1) Umwami Kigeli Ndahindurwa yakoresheje inzira y\u2019urugomo mu kugundira ubutegetsi.<\/p>\n (2) Ishyaka rya UNAR (Union Nationale Rwandaise) na ryo ryakoresheje inzira y\u2019urugomo mu guhirimbanira ubutegetsi.<\/p>\n (3) Perezida Habyarimana Juv\u00e9nal n\u2019abasangiragendo be (camarades du 5 juillet) na bo bayobotse inzira y\u2019urugomo (coup d\u2019\u00e9tat), bafashijwe n\u2019ingabo z\u2019igihugu zari ziganjemo ba ofisiye (officiers) bakomoka mu karere avukamo.<\/p>\n (4) Ishyaka FPR (Front Patriotique Rwandais) na ryo ryahisemo kugera ku butegetsi rikoresheje inzira y\u2019urugomo, rishyigikiwe n\u2019ingabo zaryo zari zariyise APR (Arm\u00e9e Patriotique Rwandaise), zari ziyobowe na ba ofisiye (officiers) biganjemo abo mu bwoko bw\u2019abatutsi.<\/p>\n BASINYE AMASEZERANO BATANYUZWE <\/u><\/p>\n (I) Amasezerano y<\/u>\u2019i Arusha yo mu w<\/u>\u20191993 yasinywe mu gihe impande zombi zari zishyamiranye mu ntambara, ni ukuvuga ishyaka MRND ryari ku butegetsi n<\/u>\u2019iryaburwanyaga rikoresheje intwaro za gisirikare (FPR), zitari zizeye kuzaguma ku butegetsi nyuma y<\/u>\u2019amatora yari ateganyijwe mu mpera z<\/u>\u2019inzibacyuho<\/u>:<\/p>\n (1) Kubera ko ishyaka rya MRND ryari riyoboye u Rwanda mu buryo butari ubwa kidemokarasi byahaye ishyaka FPR urwitwazo ribyuririraho ryegura intwaro mu kwakira 1990 riraburwanya. Ariko, guhera mu w\u20191991, ubwo ishyaka MRND ryakomoreraga abatavuga rumwe na bwo rikemera politiki y\u2019amashyaka menshi, impamvu imwe muri ebyiri FPR yari yarashingiyeho intambara yayo (ari zo kuzana demokarasi no gucyura impunzi) yavuyeho. Mu w\u20191993, amasezerano y\u2019amahoro y\u2019i Arusha yasubije ikibazo cy\u2019impunzi, ari na cyo FPR yari isigaye yishingikirijeho, bityo FPR iba itakaje impamvu yayo ya nyuma mu zo yari isanzwe yitwaza mu gusobanura intambara yari yarashoyemo abanyarwanda. Kubera ko abanyapolitiki b\u2019imena ba FPR bari mu cyiciro cy\u2019abadafitiye icyizere inzira y\u2019amahoro mu guharanira ubutegetsi, iri shyaka ryari rikeneye bikomeye indi mpamvu yatuma rikomeza intambara.<\/p>\n (2) Abagize uruhare mu mazeserano y\u2019i Arusha bibeshye ku kintu cy\u2019ingenzi: nyinshi mu mpunzi zavugaga rikijyana zari zikeneye ibirenze ibyo gutahuka mu gihugu kavukire cyazo<\/em>. Zifuzaga kuzaguma ku butegetsi na nyuma y\u2019inzubacyuho kandi ntizari zizeye kubihabwa n\u2019amatora yari ateganyijwe mu mpera z\u2019iyo nzibacyuho. Ibyavuye mu itora rya kamarampaka ryo mu w\u20191961 byari isomo batashoboraga kwibagirwa kandi ryaje gutsindagirizwa n\u2019ibyavuye mu matora y\u2019inzego z\u2019ibanze yo muri zone tampo (demilitarized zone) yo mu w\u20191993. Mu yandi magambo, ikibazo cy\u2019ingenzi amasezerano y\u2019amahoro y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993 yagombaga kuba yarihatiye gusubiza cyari iki gikurikira: “ni gute abanyarwanda bo mu bwoko bwa nyamuke bari gukurirwaho impungenge zo kumva batatsinda amatora ku mpamvu zifitanye isano n\u2019ubuke bw\u2019abo bahuje na bo ubwoko?<\/em>” Iyo abagize uruhare mu masezerano y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993 (bashishikajwe koko n\u2019isangira ry\u2019ubutegetsi) baba batarisobwe n\u2019iyi ngingo, bari kuba barazirikanye ko inzibacyuho y\u2019amezi 22 (n\u2019ubwo yashoboraga kongerwa) itari ndende bihagije ku buryo abanyapolitiki bo mu bwoko nyamuke bari kuba bizeye ko izarangira bafite icyizere mu bijyanye n\u2019amatora yari ateganyijwe.<\/p>\n (3) Abagize uruhare mu masezerano y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993 (bashishikajwe koko n\u2019isangira ry\u2019ubutegetsi) bibeshye ku kindi kintu cy\u2019ingenzi: ubwoko bw\u2019abatutsi ni nyamuke mu Rwanda mu bihereranye n\u2019ubuto bw\u2019umubare w\u2019ababugize, ariko ntibivuga ko ari nyamuke no mu bihereranye n\u2019izindi mbaraga zishobora kugeza abantu ku butegetsi bitanyuze mu matora<\/em>. Uko bigaragara kubera amakuru make bari bafite kuri yi mimerere, abagize uruhare mu masezerano y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993 bakoze ikosa rikomeye ryo kudaha buri bwoko umwanya ukwiye. Mu kubigenza batyo, bahaye bamwe mu banyarwanda bo mu bwoko bw\u2019abatutsi bari bashishikajwe no gukora politiki kuri kibi na cyiza impamvu yo kwizirika ku nzira y\u2019intambara.<\/p>\n (4) Nk\u2019abayobozi b\u2019ishyaka ryari risobanukiwe neza imbaraga z\u2019ikibazo cyavuzwe mu ngingo ebyiri zibanziriza iyi (ni ukuvuga umwanya w\u2019ubwoko muri politiki nyarwanda), intagondwa za FPR zarwanyije zivuye inyuma ko ubwoko bushingirwaho mu gutegura amasezerano y\u2019amahoro y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993, ahubwo zibukoresha mu kubiba no gukongeza urugomo rushingiye ku moko. Zabikoze zigamije guharura inzira izigeza ku butegetsi budasangiwe no kwiha impamvu yo kuvana ubwiganze bw\u2019abagize ubwoko butari ubwazo ku rutonde rw\u2019imbaraga zigena uko u Rwanda rutegekwa.<\/p>\n (5) Ishyaka MRND ryari ryubakiye kuri kudeta ya gisirikare (coup d\u2019\u00e9tat) kandi rifite urubanza rw\u2019ubwicanyi bwakorerwe abanyapolitiki b\u2019abanyenduga. Izo mpamvu zatumye rimara imyaka irenga 15 ridashobora gufungura urubuga rwa politiki ngo ripiganwe n\u2019abataravugaga rumwe na ryo. Kuba ryarahatiwe gufungura urubuga rwa politiki (mu w\u20191991) mbere y\u2019imishyikirano yasojwe n\u2019amasezerano y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993, byarishyize mu mimerere yatumye ritarashoboraga kwizera gutsinda amatora yari ateganyijwe mu masezerano ryari rimaze gusinya, kubera ko ayo masezerano yari yarafashije amashyaka ya opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi (cyane cyane ishyaka MDR) kugira imbaraga byagaragaraga ko zasatiraga gusumba iza MRND. Kimwe na FPR, MRND yasinye amasezerano y\u2019amahoro y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993 itanyuzwe, ntiyayaha agaciro, ahubwo iyita ibipapuro bitagize icyo bivuze.<\/p>\n BAKIRANYE AMASEZERANO UBWUZU BATENGUHWA N\u2019UBUSHOBOZI BUKE BWO KUYARINDA<\/u><\/p>\n Mu by\u2019ukuri uruhande rwa opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi rwari rurangajwe imbere n\u2019ishyaka rya MDR ni rwo rwari rwizeye kuzungukira mu masezerano y\u2019i Arusha kubera ko yaganishaga ku matora rwibwiraga ko rurushamo abandi amahirwe. Ariko, nk\u2019uko byari byaragenze mu mpera za repubulika ya mbere, abayobozi ba MDR batengushywe no kutagira ubushobozi bwo kuyarinda, maze birangira ubutegetsi bwegukanywe na rumwe mu mpande zitahaga agaciro demokarasi, ni ukuvuga rumwe mu mpande zitari zishishikajwe n\u2019amatora yari kuzaba mu mpera z\u2019inzibacyuho. Gushyira mu buryo busesuye inshingano y\u2019umutekano w\u2019abanyarwanda mu maboko y\u2019ingabo za Loni cyangwa iz\u2019igihugu cyari kuba cyiyemeje guhagararira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry\u2019ayo masezerano (trusteeship), byari bikenewe, muri rusange ku bw\u2019inyungu z\u2019abanyarwanda bari bafitiye icyizere inzira y\u2019amahoro na demokarasi.<\/p>\n HAKENEWE IMISHYIKIRANO N\u2019ANDI MASEZERANO<\/u><\/p>\n Nyuma y\u2019imyaka 25 amasezerano y\u2019amahoro y\u2019i Arusha amaze asinywe, u Rwanda (1) ruyobowe n\u2019ubutegetsi bw\u2019igitugu buvangura abenegihugu rwifashishije ingabo ziyobowe na ba ofisiye (officiers) bakomoka mu bwoko bumwe. (2) Rwugarijwe n\u2019amakimbirane akomeye hagati y\u2019ubutegetsi buriho n\u2019abatavuga rumwe na bwo. Hakenewe imishyikirano n\u2019andi masezerano yazirikana ingingo zikurikira:<\/p>\n (I) Bitewe n\u2019uko ishyaka FPR ryitwaye nyuma yo kugera ku butegetsi, byatanze amakuru abagize uruhare mu masezerano y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993 batari bafite: ubwoko bufite umwanya ukomeye muri politiki nyarwanda<\/em>. Urugero, mu gihe abahutu bari bagize hafi 70% by\u2019abari bari ku rutonde rw\u2019abagombaga kuba abadepite b\u2019inteko ishinga amategeko ishingiye ku byemeranyijweho mu masezerano y\u2019amahoro y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993 (cfr urutonde rwo muri mutarama 1994), mu gihe cy\u2019ubutegetsi bwa FPR ubwiganze bw\u2019abahutu mu nteko bwagabanutse ku buryo mu w\u20191999 abatutsi ari bo bari bayiganjemo, ku kigero cya 52.9%. Mu buryo busa n\u2019ubwo, mu gihe bari bagize 76.2% by\u2019abari ku rutonde rwo muri werurwe 1994 rw\u2019abagombaga kuba ba minisitiri bishingiye ku masezerano y\u2019amahoro y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993, abahutu bari bahagarariwe kigero cya 59.1% gusa muri guverinoma ya mbere yashyizweho na FPR muri nyakanga 1994. Umubare w\u2019abaminisitiri b\u2019abahutu wakomeje kugabanuka ku buryo muri guverinoma yo mu w\u20192017 bari basigaye ari 27.3% gusa by\u2019abaminisitiri bose (table 1). Ku rundi ruhande, n\u2019ubwo amasezerano y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993 yateganyaga guhuriza hamwe (ku kigero cya 50-50% mu nzego z\u2019ubuyobozi) ingabo za FAR (Forces Arm\u00e9es Rwandaises) zari ziyobowe na ba ofisiye bo mu bwoko bw\u2019abahutu n\u2019iza APR zari ziyobowe na ba ofisiye b\u2019abatutsi, nyuma y\u2019imyaka irenga makumyabiri ishyaka FPR riyobora u Rwanda, ubutegetsi bwaryo bukomeje kurangwa n\u2019igisirikare kiyobowe na ba ofisiye bo mu bwoko bumwe, uhereye kuri bose muri barindwi bakomeye kurusha abandi: umugaba w\u2019ikirenga (perezida wa repubulika), minisitiri w\u2019ingabo, umunyamabanga uhoraho muri minisiteri y\u2019ingabo, umugaba mukuru, umugaba w\u2019izirwanira ku butaka, umugaba w\u2019izirwanira mu kirere, umugaba w\u2019inkeragutabara. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uyu munsi birakwiye ko abanyapolitiki bari ku butegetsi n\u2019abatavuga rumwe na bwo kimwe n\u2019abanyarwanda badafite aho babogamiye, bamaze kwemera ihame ry\u2019uko \u201cabanyarwanda bo mu bwoko runaka nta cyaha baba bakoze baramutse batoye umukandida bahuje na we ubwoko, igihe cyose baba babikoze mu buryo butabangamiye umudendezo n\u2019uburenganzira bw\u2019abo mu bundi bwoko bwo gutora na bo umukandida bashaka<\/em>\u201d, basubira i Arusha mu mishyikirano bagashyiraho gahunda y\u2019isangira ry\u2019ubutegetsi yatuma \u201cabanyarwanda bo mu bwoko nyamuke bifuza kugira uruhare mu miyoborere y\u2019igihugu cyabo no mu mikorereshereze y\u2019umutungo wacyo bagira icyizere cy\u2019uko batazazitirwa n\u2019ubuke bw\u2019abo bahuje ubwoko<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n Table 1. Umwanya w\u2019ubwoko n\u2019uburwanashyaka muri kabineti (cabinet) y\u2019abaminisitiri y\u2019u Rwanda kuva mu w\u20191992 kugeza mu w\u20192000.1<\/sup><\/p>\n 2<\/sup>opozisiyo: amashyaka ya opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi.<\/em><\/p>\n 3<\/sup>guverinoma yatangajwe ku itariki ya 18 werurwe 1994.<\/em><\/p>\n 4<\/sup>ba minisitiri bose badakomoka mu mashyaka ya opozisiyo babariwe mu ruhande rw\u2019ishyaka riri ku butegetsi.<\/em><\/p>\n (II) Ibinyuranye n\u2019amasezerano y\u2019i Arusha yo mu w\u20191993, ni ngombwa nanone ko, inzibacyuho igomba kuba ndende bihagije. Impande zifite intwaro za gisirikare zigomba kuzamburwa kugirango zitazazikoresha mu kubangamira abanyapolitiki bakunzwe n\u2019abaturage, maze inshingano yo kurindira abanyarwanda umutekano igashyirwa mu buryo busesuye mu maboko y\u2019ingabo za Loni cyangwa z\u2019igihugu cyakwiyemeza mu ruhando rw\u2019amahanga gusohoza inshingano yo guhagararira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry\u2019amasezerano mashya. Inzibacyuho igomba kurangira ari uko abanyarwanda bazaba bamaze kwishyiriraho uburyo bwo kubungabunga umutekano wabo butuma abakwifuza kongera gufata ubutegetsi binyuriye mu nzira y\u2019urugomo badashobora kubigeraho.<\/p>\n (III) Ni ngombwa ko amasezerano mashya aha ibisubizo bikwiye ibibazo bikomoka ku myumvire ndondakoko (racism) yumvikanisha ko abanyarwanda barushanya ubushobozi bwo gusohoza neza inshingano runaka bishingiye ku bwoko bwabo cyangwa uturere bakomokamo; imyumvire yagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma habaho<\/p>\n (1) umuco wo guheza n\u2019uwo kunena abo mu bundi bwoko.<\/p>\n (2) umuco wo kwihutura.<\/p>\n (3) guheza mu mashuri no mu butegetsi abanyarwanda bo mu bundi bwoko.<\/p>\n (4) guheza mu ngabo z\u2019igihugu abanyarwanda bo mu bwoko bundi, zikagirwa umwihariko w\u2019abanyarwanda bo mu bwoko bumwe.<\/p>\n (5) ubwubahane n\u2019ubwizerane buke hagati y\u2019abanyapolitiki ku mpamvu zifitanye isano no kudahuza bwoko.<\/p>\n (IV) Isangira ry\u2019ubutegetsi rikwiye kubahiriza amahame akurikira:<\/p>\n (1) Ubwiganze bw\u2019abagize ubwoko runaka mu butegetsi ntibugomba kuba munsi y\u2019ijanisha runaka ryumvikanyweho (tuvuge 70%) ry\u2019ubwiganze bw\u2019abagize ubwo bwoko mu benegihugu b\u2019u Rwanda muri rusange.<\/p>\n (2) Ubwiganze bw\u2019abagize ubwoko runaka mu butegetsi ntibugomba kurenga ijanisha runaka ryumvikanyweho (tuvuge 60%) ry\u2019imyanya y\u2019ubutegetsi ipiganirwa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Banyarwandakazi, banyarwanda, nshuti z\u2019u Rwanda, Dutangaje ku mugaragaro umushinga (draft) w\u2019inyandiko igaragagaza impamvu ishyaka DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE ritekereza ko ubwoko bukwiye kugira umwanya bukwiye mu mishyikirano ku isangira ry\u2019ubutegetsi mu Rwanda. Dushimiye abagize uruhare mu itegurwa ryawo, abazadusangiza ibitekerezo bawufiteho n\u2019abazadufasha mu kuwunononsora. Bikorewe i Li\u00e8ge, ku itariki ya 22\/08\/2018 Seburanga Jean Leonard Perezida Democratic Alliance […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15635,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abanyapolitiki"],"yoast_head":"\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.therwandan.com\/ki\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/08\/Table-1.jpg\")
1<\/em><\/sup>perezida, minisitiri w\u2019intebe na ba minisitiri bose, abanyamabanga ba leta batabariwemo.<\/em><\/p>\n