Bavandimwe,<\/p>\n
Ndabanza kwisegura kubera impamvu zitanturutseho,\u00a0 ntabwo nashoboye kuza kwifatanya namwe mu biganiro ku bibazo by\u2019igihugu cyacu, u Rwanda.<\/p>\n
Hari abashobora kwibaza bati ese ibibazo by\u2019u Rwanda ubizi ute ko wibereye mu mahanga?<\/b><\/p>\n
Amateka ya politiki y\u2019u Rwanda nayakurikiranye kuva nkiri muto. Mu gihe cy\u2019Impinduramatwara yo muli 1959 nari mfite imyaka icumi, nigaga mu mwaka wa kane w\u2019amashuli abanza. \u00a0Icyo gihe kandi twari dutuye hafi ya Paruwasi ya Rushaki, ku buryo iyo habaga inama hafi aho nagendaga ngiye kureba ibihabera kubera amatsiko. Urugero: ndibuka nk\u2019inama umurwanashyaka wa MDR Parmehutu yakoresheje i Rushaki mu mwaka wa 1959. Icyo gihe hari ku cyumweru, misa irangiye. Ayikoreshereza mu nzu bitaga \u201cikibeho\u201d. Iyo nama yarimo abantu bakuru, ariko kubera amatsiko nanjye nari nyirimo kandi nta nubwo nari nakabatizwa. Data yakundaga kujya kwa padiri ku mugoroba kumva radio, maze tukajyana. Amatangazo yanyanyagizwaga na za kajujugu ninjye wayasomeraga data n\u2019abaturanyi. Umunsi wa Kamarampaka rero wo kuwa 25 Nzeri 1961 ndawibuka cyane, kuko ndetse nibuka n\u2019ibyo abaturage bayivugagaho n\u2019ibyo bari biteze kuri icyo gikorwa cyabo cyabahaye mwanya wo kugena ubutegetsi bumva bubabereye. Icyo gihe rwose Abanyarwanda muri rusange bari bishimye.<\/p>\n
Inkundura ya demokarasi yagejeje u Rwanda ku bwigenge, yitabiriwe n\u2019Abanyarwanda bo mu moko yose kandi bakomoka mu turere twose tugize u Rwanda. Urebye isafari ya demokarasi yari yatangiye neza ni uko yaje kuvangirwa n\u2019abatarishimiye kwamburwa ubutegetsi bugafatwa n\u2019abari \u201crubanda rugufi\u201d. Aba nabo kudashyigikira\u00a0 ibitekerezo by\u2019abaharaniraga demokarasi, byari uburenganzira bwabo, bwo kugira ukundi babona inzira ya politiki. Gusa icyo batari bafitiye uburenganzira, ni ugukomeza guhaka abandi Banyarwanda baba Abahutu, Abatutsi cyangwa Abatwa baciye bugufi. Igihe u Rwanda ruboneye ubwigenge kuwa 1 Nyakanga 1962, nari mu mashuli yisumbuye. Bityo nkaba narashoboye gukurikiranira hafi ibyaberaga mu Rwanda mu gihe cya Repubulika ya mbere, ni ukuvuga ku butegetsi bwa Gregoire Kayibanda kuko nigaga muri Kaminuza.\u00a0 Ku butegetsi bwa Repubulika ya kabiri yari iyobowe na Juvenal Habyarimana, nabaye umukozi mukuru muli Ofisi y\u2019Amatangazo ya Leta (ORINFOR) nshinzwe Radio Rwanda. Nyuma naje gusubira kwiga, ndangije nsubira gukora muri ORINFOR nshinzwe imishinga. Muw\u2019 1991, ndi mu bitabiriye ishyaka MDR mpagarariye Prefegitura ya Byumba muri Komite Nyobozi y\u2019ishyaka mu rwego rw\u2019igihugu.<\/p>\n
Ndagerageza kuvuga muri make uko nabonye ubutegetsi bw\u2019u Rwanda mu gihe cya Repubulika ya kabiri ruyobowe na Perezida Yuvenali Habyarimana. Ndagerageza kuvugisha ukuri kuko ari byo mbona bishobora gutuma twizerana, dusabana, kandi dutegura\u00a0 ejo hazaza heza h\u2019igihugu cyacu n\u2019abazadukomokaho muri rusange.<\/p>\n
Njye mbona ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Yuvenali Habyarimana bwagiyeho kuwa 5 Nyakanga 1973 bwarakomerezaga aho Repubulika ya mbere yari igejeje. Ibi niko nabibonye kubera ko politiki y\u2019ubumwe n\u2019amahoro Habyarimana yari ashyize imbere, ntabwo yari itandukanye cyane n\u2019ibyo Abarwanashyaka bagejeje u Rwanda ku bwigenge baharaniye. Ikindi ni uko, iyo urebye usanga Repubulika ya mbere yari yarihaye inshingano zo gusubiza agaciro Umunyarwanda wese wari warakandamijwe n\u2019ingoma ya Cyami. Ni muri urwo rwego rero mbona politiki y\u2019amajyambere y\u2019icyaro Perezida Habyarimana yari ashyize imbere yari igamije kuzamura rubanda rugufi. Ni ukuvuga ko izo Repubulika zombi zari zifite \u201cumuturage\u201d muri gahunda y\u2019amajyambere. Iyi ntumbero ya politiki y\u2019izo repubulika zombi itandukanye n\u2019iya FPR muri iki gihe yitaye ku \u201cbaherwe\u201d, aho umuturage rubanda rugufi adafite umwanya mw\u2019iterambere ry\u2019igihugu.<\/p>\n
Isubiranamo hagati y\u2019amoko byari byagaragaye mu Rwanda rukimara kubona ubwigenge, byagiye biterwa n\u2019ibitero bya L\u2019UNAR n\u2019umutwe w\u2019ingabo zayo Ingangurarugo Ziyemeje kuba Ingenzi (INYENZI) bari banze kuyoboka ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika, bahitamo gusubiza u Rwanda ku ngoma ya gihake ku ruhembe rw\u2019umuheto.<\/p>\n
Poliki y\u2019ubumwe n\u2019amahoro kuri Repubulika ya kabiri yaje gukorwa mu nkokora n\u2019uburyo Perezida Habyarimana akimara gufata ubutegetsi, uwari umukuru w\u2019igihugu ariwe Perezida Gregoire Kayibanda hamwe n\u2019ibyegera bye bafashwe bagafungwa. Perezida Kayibanda yaje gupfa mu buryo budasobanutse ndetse n\u2019Abanyarwanda ntibabibwirwa. Abari ibyegera bye nabo, ndavuga cyane cyane abanyapolitiki bakomokaga muri Perefegitura ya Gitarama barafunzwe ndetse baricwa. Urupfu bapfuye n\u2019ababishe ntibyigeze bitangarizwa Abanyarwanda. Iki kibazo cyabaye ipfundo rikomeye ryateye urwikekwe hagati y\u2019uturere. Mu gihe cy\u2019uruhando rw\u2019amashyaka ya politiki muri za 90, wasangaga ayo mateka mabi afite aho yerekeza politiki yo muri ibyo bihe bitari byoroheye ubutegetsi n\u2019igihugu cyari mu ntambara n\u2019umutwe wa FPR- Inkotanyi. Uru rwikekwe rwabaye inzigo yahaye FPR amahirwe yo kwinjira muri politiki ya \u201chave mpajye\u201d yakorwaga mu Rwanda muri icyo gihe.<\/p>\n
Mbere yo gukomeza ndagirango mbanze ngaruke ku mateka y\u2019u Rwanda yaranzwe n\u2019isubiranamo ndetse no kwihimura, noneho ngire icyo mvuga ku\u00a0 magambo akunze kuvugwa. Abanyarwanda bamwe bagira bati, \u201cAbakiga bishe\u00a0 Abanyenduga\u201d cyangwa se \u201cAbahutu bishe Abatutsi\u201d, cyangwa se \u201cAbatutsi bishe Abahutu.\u201d\u00a0 Izi imvugo ntacyo zamara mu kubaka u Rwanda n\u2019Umunyarwanda. Ahubwo n\u2019izo gutuma Abanyarwanda tudasesengura ibibazo uko biteye ahubwo bikaba mubituma bamwe bakaza umurindi wo kuducamo ibice. Abishe abanyapolitiki maze kuvuga, babikoze ku giti cyabo bagomba kubiryozwa ku giti cyabo. Na none kandi, hari ba Nyirabayazana b\u2019amarorerwa yabaye mu Rwanda kuva muw\u2019 1990 kugeza muw\u2019 1994 na nyuma yaho magingo aya. Ababikoze babikoze ku giti cyabo. Niyo mpamvu rero kubibaryoza bigomba kuba umwihariko wabo.\u00a0 Ntabwo ari Abahutu bari babatumye ngo bakore ubwo bwicanyi mw\u2019izina ryabo kimwe nuko abo mu bwoko bw\u2019Abatutsi bishe Abahutu batabikoze mw\u2019izina ry\u2019Abatutsi. Ibi byo kwitirira ubwoko cyangwa se akarere ibyaha byakozwe, bikingira ikibaba inkozi z\u2019ibibi ziboneka mu moko yose no mu turere twose two mu Rwanda.<\/p>\n
Ngaruke ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana. Politiki y\u2019ubumwe n\u2019amahoro ntabwo yakomeje gushimangira ibyo impirimbanyi za demokarasi zari zaragejeje ku Banyarwanda. Icengezamatwara ya politiki yibanze ku cyerekezo cy\u2019amajyambere maze isa niyirengagiza\u00a0 aho igihugu cyari kivuye mbere yo kubona ubwigenge. Ibi byagaragariye cyane mu ivanwaho ry\u2019iminsi ikomeye ya Repubulika itarakomeje kwizihizwa. Aha twavuga aya mataliki:<\/p>\n
Aya mataliki ntabwo yahawe umwanya ngo yizihizwe. Ibi byatumye imyumvire ya poliki (ideologie) yo kwibohora no gufatira hejuru ibyiza bya demokarasi bidahabwa umwanya mu myumvire y\u2019Umunyarwanda. Ibi byatumye kandi umuco wo guhakwa n\u2019ikimenyane (trafique d\u2019influence) ufata ikicaro mu mitwe y\u2019Abanyarwanda.<\/p>\n
Ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika bwaharaniraga \u201crubanda rugufi\u201d. Rubanda rugufi byavugaga Abatutsi bakennye, Abahutu, n\u2019Abatwa. Byumvikane neza ko ntavuga \u201crubanda nyamwinshi.\u201d Uko mbizi\u00a0 iyi mvugo \u201crubanda nyamwinshi\u201d ni imvugo yuzuyemo ivangura gusa. Iyi mvugo yazanywe n\u2019ishyaka CDR (Coalitition pour la Defense de la Republique). Abaharaniye Republika bashakaga ko rubanda rugufi ruzamuka nta kurobanura. Ku butegetsi bwa Habyarimana habayeho ubumwe, amahoro, n\u2019amajyambere. Imwe mu byemezo byo kugera kuri iyo ntego byari iringaniza (equilibre ethnique et regional) ni ukuvuga iringaniza rishingiye ku moko n’uturere ari mu mashuli ari no mu kazi. Iyi politiki y\u2019iringaniza yari nziza kuko yari igamije gusaranganya ibyiza by\u2019igihugu ku baturage bose. Icyagaragaye ni uko nyuma yaje kuyoborwa nabi,\u00a0 bigatuma rubanda rutayigirira ikizere.<\/p>\n
Simpakana ko ku butegetsi bwa Habyarimana hatabaye ibikorwa bya kijyambere byinshi kuko imihanda yarakozwe mu gihugu hose, amavuriro, amashuri, ibigo nderabuzima, ibiro by\u2019amakomini byarubatswe. Itumanaho no gutwara abantu n\u2019imizigo byateye imbere. Abikorera ku giti cyabo nabo bagize ibikorwa byinshi biteza igihugu imbere. Muri aba banyemari ndetse babonaga n\u2019inguzanyo mu ma banki, hari higanjemo abo mu bwoko bw\u2019Abatutsi, ibi bikaba bituma uwashaka kwerekana ko ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwaziraga Abatutsi ntiyabona uko abisobanura kandi aribo bari abanyemari bakomeye.<\/p>\n
Nyamara habaye kwigizayo abandi. Aha ndavuga exclusion politique. Ibi bikaba bivuguruza ubumwe n\u2019amahoro. Iyo exclusion politique yatumye mu myanya ya politiki yo hejuru higanzamo abahutu baturuka mu majyaruguru n\u2019abatutsi bafite ikimenyane. Ibyo byatumaga habaho imyumvire ko imyanya ya politiki yo hejuru, amashuri, n\u2019ibindi bikorwa by\u2019amajyambere bihabwa abantu hakurikijwe uturere cyangwa ubwoko baturukamo. N\u2019ubwo rero ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwitwararitse imishinga n\u2019ibikorwa bitsura amajyambere y\u2019icyaro, hari benshi batishimiye uko bafatwaga bakumva ko batahawe imyanya kubera aho bakomoka. Nubwo umuntu atakwihandagaza ngo avuge ko nta kimenyane cyabayemo, hari n\u2019abarakare benshi bakomokaga mu majyaruguru y\u2019igihugu (mu Rukiga) kubera ko ntawaneza bose. Kimwe nuko ntawahamya ko mu butegetsi bwa Habyarimana nta bantu bo mu Nduga cyangwa se bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi batarimo.<\/p>\n
Abateguraga kugaba intambara ku Rwanda nabo ntibari bicaye. Amacakubiri mu Banyarwanda ashingiye ku moko yakajije umurego kubera umuhate wa FPR-Inkotanyi yashyushyaga imitwe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 y\u2019abaturage. Ni muri urwo rwego rubanda rugufi ndavuga Abatutsi, Abahutu n\u2019Abatwa bakennye yacitsemo ibice kubera ivangura rishingiye ku moko n\u2019uturere maze umutwe wa FPR-Inkotanyi ubona ukuntu utangira kwiyegereza bamwe mu Batutsi bari imbere mu gihugu, na bamwe mu Bahutu. Mu Batutsi ishakishamo abasore n\u2019inkumi maze itangiza intambara ya gisilikare. Kubera gucikamo ibice no kudashyira hamwe muri politiki mu nyugu z\u2019igihugu (politique d\u2019interet national) byari byiganje mu Banyarwanda bari mu gihugu ubutegetsi bwariho\u00a0\u00a0 ntibwashoboye kurengera ubusugire bw\u2019igihugu, ngo bunashobore intambara y\u2019amagambo (bataille pour l\u2019opinion publique nationale et internationale) n\u2019intambara ya diplomatie.<\/p>\n
Republika igishingwa ubutegetsi bwagiyeho bwari bwihutiye gushinga \u201cgarde nationale\u201d yo kuregera impindura matwara ya 1959. Iyo garde nationale yitwaye neza ku buryo umutwe w\u2019Inyenzi aha ndavuga \u201cIngangurarugo Ziyemeje Kuba Ingenzi\u201d watsinzwe nubwo wari ufite ibihugu byiyitaga “socialistes” biwufasha.\u00a0 Ikibazo cya exclusion politique kinjiye no mu ngabo z\u2019u Rwanda aho aba officiers bamwe bigijweyo kubera aho bakomoka. Aha ndavuga cyane cyane nk\u2019aba officiers b\u2019i Byumba barenga icumi uhereye k\u2019urwego rwa Lieutenant ukageza k\u2019urwego rwa Lieutenant Colonel birukanwe mu ngabo maze bakaza kuzisubizwamo bisabwe n\u2019amashyaka menshi (multipartisme.) Umuntu yavuga ko ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana bwacunze ingabo mu buryo bwo kurwanya icyahirika ubutegetsi nta kureba ubusugire bw\u2019igihugu.<\/p>\n
Ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana ntibwashoboye gucunga processus de democratisation. Kuberako igihugu cyari cyaramunzwe, amashyaka ya politiki yavutse icyo gihe wasangaga yiganjemo kutareba kure no gushaka inyungu za bamwe yitwaje akababaro k\u2019abari barapfukiranywe noneho ba bandi bari barigijweyo na exclusion politique baza bavuga bati \u201cHave mpajye\u201d. Abenshi bo muri ayo mashyaka yari yavutse bibwiragako uwari ubabangamiye kurushya abandi atari Inkotanyi zari zateye igihugu, ahubwo ari ubutegetsi buriho. Ibyakurikiyeho murabizi ni amarorerwa n’amahano atarigeze abaho mu Rwanda. Ubutegetsi bwavuye mu muvu w\u2019amaraso Eugene Ndahayo araza kubusesengura, reka mpinnire aha.<\/p>\n
Mureke nsoze mvuga ko Repubulika yaje ije kurengera rubanda rugufi ariko ntibyagenze uko abaturage babyifuzaga ku butegetsi bwagiyeho kuva u Rwanda rusubirana ubwigenge. Nibutse ko ntakoresha imvugo ivangura (langage discriminatoire code). Ndavuga Abatutsi bari bakennye, abahutu n\u2019abatwa. Mu gushaka gukosora imwe mu mikorere mibi ya Repubulika ya mbere,\u00a0 ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwaje kugwa mu mutego wo kuvanaho ibimenyetso bya Republika, kwigizayo bamwe mu bandi banyarwanda (politique d\u2019exclusion) ari bimwe mu byatumye ubutegetsi bumungwa, maze umutwe wa FPR-Inkotanyi ukabona icyuho n’urwitwazo byo gufata ubutegetsi. Aho ubutegetsi bw’uyumutwe FPR-Inkotanyi ugizwe n’abagizi ba nabi bugejeje urwatubyaye n’Abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose murahazi.<\/p>\n
Nicyo gituma abanyarwanda bakwiye guhaguruka kugira ngo tudasubira inyuma, mu byatumye abana b\u2019u Rwanda basubiranamo kuva ku Bwami kugeza magingo aya. U Rwanda rwacu rukeneye impindura ya demokarasi, kugira ngo buri wese, aho ava akagera yumve ko afite umwanya mu gihugu cye, kandi ko afite akamaro, icyubahiro akwiye, n\u2019ukwishyira ukizana. Nibyo twise \u201cDemocratie Consensuelle\u201d.\u00a0 Ingoma y\u2019Iterabwoba ya FPR-Inkotanyi tuzayikuraho dukoresheje impindura ya \u201cDemokarasi Yumvikanweho –\u00a0 Democratie Consensuelle\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ndabashimiye kuba mwanteze amatwi.<\/p>\n
Dr. Jean-Marie Vianney Higiro<\/strong><\/p>\n Umuyobozi W\u2019Urunana rw\u2019Abaharanira Ubumwe na Demokarasi (RUD-Urunana<\/p>\n Bruxelles, kuwa 27 Nzeri 2014<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Bavandimwe, Ndabanza kwisegura kubera impamvu zitanturutseho,\u00a0 ntabwo nashoboye kuza kwifatanya namwe mu biganiro ku bibazo by\u2019igihugu cyacu, u Rwanda. Ibihe by\u2019Impinduka ya Politiki mu Rwanda Hari abashobora kwibaza bati ese ibibazo by\u2019u Rwanda ubizi ute ko wibereye mu mahanga?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":8660,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politiki"],"yoast_head":"\n