{"id":8855,"date":"2014-11-01T20:02:01","date_gmt":"2014-11-01T17:32:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.therwandan.com\/ki\/?p=8855"},"modified":"2014-11-01T22:19:43","modified_gmt":"2014-11-01T19:49:43","slug":"icyo-ntekereza-ku-mabwiriza-mashya-agenga-imyandikire-yikinyarwanda-yashyizwe-ahagaragara-tariki-ya-8102014","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.therwandan.com\/ki\/icyo-ntekereza-ku-mabwiriza-mashya-agenga-imyandikire-yikinyarwanda-yashyizwe-ahagaragara-tariki-ya-8102014\/","title":{"rendered":"Icyo ntekereza ku mabwiriza mashya agenga imyandikire y\u2019ikinyarwanda yashyizwe ahagaragara tariki ya 8\/10\/2014"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eug\u00e8ne Shimamungu<\/a><\/p>\n

Docteur en Sciences du Langage<\/p>\n

(Univ. Paris-Sorbonne)<\/p>\n

Grammairien et lexicographe[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

(Ndabanza nisegure : nta mabwiriza mu myandikire y\u2019ikinyarwanda ngendera ho byanze bikunze, kuko hari byinshi nenga amabwiriza yagiye akurikirana, ni na byo mugiye kubona muri iyi nyandiko<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Nta rurimi rwandikwa uko ruvugwa. Mu kumvikanisha ibivugwa, imyandikire y\u2019ururimi igerageza gushushanya imivugire yarwo ihereye ku majwi yumvikana (phonologie), imiterere y\u2019ururimi (morphologie), n\u2019inkomoko y\u2019amagambo (\u00e9tymologie). Wanditse ukurikije amajwi gusa hari aho wasanga amagambo amwe n\u2019amwe nta cyo avuze.<\/p>\n

Dukunze kwibagirwa cyane ko imyandikire y\u2019ururimi ari amategeko atuma ururimi rwumvikana. Ni nk\u2019amategeko y\u2019umuhanda : ushobora gushyira icyapa kidasobanutse ahantu hatabugenewe kigatera impanuka aho kuzikumira. Abashyira ho amabwiriza bagomba kandi kwirinda guhindagura hato na hato imyandikire y\u2019ikinyarwanda, kuko uko bayihindagura ari ko nako bateza urujijo. Amabwiriza uko agenda ahinduka agomba kutworohereza ndetse akadufasha no kugabanya ibimenyetso bikoreshwa kugira ngo twumvikane.<\/p>\n

Uko ikinyarwanda cyagiye cyandikwa guhera mu ntangiriro y\u2019ikinyejana cya 20, abahanga bagerageje kucyandika nk\u2019uko kivugwa, batitaye ku miterere yacyo cyangwa ku nkomoko y\u2019amagambo yacyo. Ibyo kwita ku miterere y\u2019ururimi, n\u2019inkomoko y\u2019amagambo, byagiye biza buhororo buhoro mu masesengura y\u2019ikibonezamvugo nk\u2019aya Lawurenti Nkongoli cg Alegisi Kagame. Nkongoli na Kagame bageze aho baneshwa n\u2019abanyeshuri bakurikira cyane ibyo Andr\u00e9 Coupez yigishije, bigamije kwandika ikinyarwanda nk\u2019uko kivugwa. Ubu ngubu nibo baganje.<\/p>\n

Mu by\u2019ukuri kwandika ururimi uko ruvugwa ni yo nzira yoroshye ituma ikinyarwanda gisomeka, ariko ntibyoroha buri gihe kumenya icyo ijambo risobanura cyangwa aho rituruka uhereye ku buryo ryanditse. Iyo myandikire na yo hari ubwo itera ikibazo iyo bamwe bashatse kongera ho amasaku n\u2019ubutinde bw\u2019inyajwi kugirango bagere ku ntego yo kwandika ururimi uko ruvugwa, bakibagirwa ko kongera ibimenyetso biruhanya mu kwandika ururimi kandi bigatwara igihe n\u2019amafaranga mu kwandika cyangwa mw\u2019icapisha. Ihindura ry\u2019imyandikire myiza y\u2019ururimi ryagombye kuzigama ibimenyetso, igakoresha bike kandi byumvikana. Nta kwibagirwa ko icyangombwa cy\u2019imyandikire myiza ari ukumvikana, atari ugutondekanya akarasisi k\u2019ibimenyetso ngo urandika ururimi uko warwumvise.<\/p>\n

Ibyiza muri ayo mabwiriza :<\/h1>\n

Amabwiriza yagiye ho tariki ya 8\/10\/14\u00a0(igazeti ya leta yo kuya 13 Ukwakira 2014<\/a>)hari mo icyiza umuntu yayakundira :<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. kuba yarahamije ko inyandiko ya gihanga (amasaku n\u2019ubutinde bw\u2019inyajwi) bihama mu mashuri n\u2019ubushakashatsi, ntibikoreshwe mu nyandiko zigenewe rusange (ingingo ya 42).<\/li>\n
  2. Kuvana ho inyuguti \u00ab l \u00bb (ingingo ya 6) igasimburwa na \u00ab r \u00bb ahantu hose usibye mu mazina bwite isanzwe ikoreshwa mo, n\u2019andi adakomoka mu kinyarwanda.<\/li>\n
  3. Kuba yarahamije ko ibihekane bya \u00ab kwo \u00bb, \u00ab kwu \u00bb (ingingo ya 11), bisimburwa na \u00ab ko \u00bb, \u00ab ku \u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Aho ibibazo biri :<\/h1>\n
      \n
    1. Kuvana ho ibihekane \u00ab nc \u00bb, \u00ab ncw \u00bb (ingingo ya 10, 13) : tuzajya twandika gute \u00ab incarwatsi \u00bb ? Ko nta gisubizo cyatanzwe kandi urwo rugero rwari mu mabwiriza ya Nsekalije yo muri 1985. Tuzandika se \u00ab insharwatsi \u00bb ? Nta bwo bihwitse nta n\u2019icyo bivuze. Tuvuga \u00ab guca \u00bb, ntabwo tuvuga \u00ab gusha \u00bb ! Tuzajya twandika dute \u00ab ncweze \u00bb (rituruka ku nshinga \u00ab gucweza \u00bb), tuzajya twandika \u00ab nshweze \u00bb ? (ijambo \u00ab gushweza \u00bb nta riba ho). Nta cyo bivuze, nta n\u2019uwamenya iyo rituruka ryanditswe rityo. Ni bya bindi byo kuvuga ngo \u00ab ibyandikwa kimwe bivugwa kimwe \u00bb ! Ibi nta myandikire y\u2019ururimi na rumwe ibikurikiza.<\/li>\n
    2. Ikibazo gituruka mu kuvana ho igihekane \u00ab cy \u00bb imbere ya \u00ab e \u00bb na \u00ab i \u00bb (ingingo ya 12). Hari ingorane nyinshi yo gutandukanya amagambo no kumenya kuyashyira mu bwinshi cg mu buke. Twari dusanzwe twandika \u00ab icyibo \u00bb none bashyize ho ngo twandike \u00ab ikibo \u00bb. None ubwinshi buzaba \u00ab ibibo \u00bb cg \u00ab ibyibo \u00bb ? Wanditse uti \u00ab nta kibyara nk\u2019intare n\u2019ingwe \u00bb tuzabitandukanya dute na \u00ab nta cyibyara nk\u2019intare n\u2019ingwe \u00bb ? Ikindi kibazo ni amagambo akatwa. Nabonye bandika \u00ab ikinyabumwe cy\u2019imiterere \u00bb, cg se \u00ab igice cy\u2019interuro \u00bb muri ayo mabwiriza yabo, barangiza bakaduhatira kwandika \u00ab ikibabi k\u2019igiti \u00bb, tuzafata ibihe tureke ibihe ? Cg \u00ab akababi k\u2019igiti \u00bb [k] kazatundukana gate mu mivugire n\u2019 \u00ab ikibabi k\u2019igiti \u00bb [ky] ? Ikibabaje muri ibyo ni uko ayo mabwiriza mashya atita ku mvugo zihariye mu turere. Nko mu majyaruguru bivugira \u00ab icibo \u00bb, ni wandika \u00ab ikibo \u00bb, \u00ab k \u00bb yumvikana nka [k] nyine ntabwo ari [ky]. Twagombye kubanza kureba hirya no hino ibivugwa mu kinyarwanda mbere yo guhita mo imyandikire iboneye.<\/li>\n
    3. Ikibazo gituruka mu kuvana ho igihekane \u00ab jy \u00bb imbere ya \u00ab e \u00bb na \u00ab i \u00bb kigasimburwa n\u2019ingombawi \u00ab g \u00bb (ingingo ya 12). Ngo kuko iyo ngombajwi yumvikana nka [gy] muri \u00ab ge \u00bb cg \u00ab gi \u00bb kimwe n\u2019icyo gihekane \u00ab jy \u00bb. Nabonye umwe mu bahanga aduhatira kwemera iyo mpinduka. None se \u00ab umujyi \u00bb abantu batuye mo (bajya mo), uzatandukanira he n\u2019\u00ab umugi \u00bb w\u2019inda. Mbwira uti hari amagambo menshi asa mu kinyarwanda atavuga kimwe. None se twongere ho andi, ngo ni ukorohereza abatavuga ikinyarwanda cg abo cyananiye ? Urongera uti ikinyazina ngenga gisanzwe cyandikwa \u00ab njye \u00bb mw\u2019isesengura cyifashe gitya |(n)gi-e| ari byo bitanga |(n)gy-e|. Ibi ndabikwemereye. Aho ntemeranya nawe, ni uko uvuga ngo iyo \u00ab i \u00bb cg \u00ab y \u00bb igomba kuzimira noneho tukandika \u00ab nge \u00bb cg \u00ab ge \u00bb. Kubera iki ufashe iyo ubusamo, uribwira ko iyo \u00ab i \u00bb cg \u00ab y \u00bb uzimiza ntacyo ivuze ? Kubera iki se noneho utayizimiza muri ubwo bufindo bwawe (bwahimbwe na Andr\u00e9 Coupez) noneho tukajya twivugira \u00ab kuga \u00bb aho kuvuga \u00ab kujya \u00bb ? Ibiri amambu reka twiyandikire \u00ab kugya \u00bb, \u00ab ngye \u00bb bigire icyo bivuga, aho kwandika \u00ab nge \u00bb, cg \u00ab ngewe \u00bb. Aha na none wibagiwe ya mvugo yo mu majyaruguru bavuga \u00ab nje \u00bb, \u00ab njewe \u00bb birinda gushyomoka ! Ngira ngo urumva imyandikire \u00ab njye \u00bb aho ituruka.<\/li>\n
    4. Ingaruka zo kuvana ho igihekane \u00ab nts \u00bb kigasimburwa na \u00ab ns \u00bb. \u00ab Gusinda \u00bb no \u00ab gutsinda \u00bb bizatandukana gute, ko mw\u2019intondagura hari aho bitazashoboka. Wanditse uti \u00ab nsinze ibitego \u00bb na \u00ab nsinze inzoga \u00bb uzabwirwa n\u2019iki ko \u00ab nsinze ibitego \u00bb bitatewe n\u2019ibyishimo umuntu yagize byo gushyira mo ibitego byinshi bikaba nko \u00ab gusinda inzoga \u00bb. Ariko wanditse uti \u00ab Ntsinze ibitego \u00bb byumvikana kurusha ho.<\/li>\n
    5. Imyandikire ya gihanga : biratangaje kubona aya mabwiriza akomeza kubwira abantu ngo bandike isaku nyejuru bakoresheje agatemeri kandi tuzi ko hari ikimenyetso cyabugenewe cyo kwandika isaku nyejuru ari cyo (\u00b4) ku nyajwi iyo ari yo yose kuri mudasobwa iyo ariyo yose, ushyize mo inyuguti zandika icyespanyoli.<\/li>\n
    6. Inshinga mburabuzi \u00ab ni \u00bb. Iri jambo aho ryandikwa hose riba riri ukwaryo, ni na byo amabwiriza agiye ho vuba avuga. Ikibazo aho kiri ni ukudashaka kuribona no muri \u00ab ni \u00bb y\u2019integanyo cg \u00ab ni \u00bb itegeka. Mu by\u2019ukuri ni ijambo rimwe ritandukanywa n\u2019isaku nyejuru mu nteruro iteganya cg itegeka. Na ryo ryagombye kwandika ritandukanye n\u2019inshinga gutya : ni byo, ni mugenda, ni mugende. Nk\u2019uko bigaragara, iryo jambo rifite icyo rivuga ryihariye ritandukanye n\u2019inshinga irikurikiye. Kubifatanya rero si byo.<\/li>\n
    7. Ikibazo cyo gufatanya inshinga n\u2019utujambo twihariye tubanziriza cg tuyikurikira ni ukuyiremereza cyane kuko ubwayo ni ijambo nteruro ishobora gukomatanya ibintu byinshi. Ibyiza rero ni ukuyiruhura tuvana ho ibitagombye kuyiba mo, kuko bitera n\u2019urujijo mu myandikire. Ibyo mvuze birareba akajambo \u00ab ni \u00bb, uko maze kugasobanura, bikareba na none ibinyazina ndangahantu \u00ab mo \u00bb, \u00ab ho \u00bb, \u00ab yo \u00bb, ndetse n\u2019ikinyazina ndakuntu \u00ab ko \u00bb. Nta cyo bipfana n\u2019inshinga, nta mpamvu byagombye kumatana.<\/li>\n
    8. Impakanyi \u00ab nta \u00bb : kuki hamwe yakwandika ukwayo itandukanye imbere y\u2019izina, ikinyazina ikagomba kumatana n\u2019ingirwazina ? [izina rikozwe riturutse ku nshinga ariko ntiribuzwe gutondagurwa]. Reba nawe : \u00ab nta we mbona \u00bb, \u00ab muri iri shuri ntabatsinzwe \u00bb. Ni iki gituma hamwe ifatanye n\u2019ijambo riyikurikira, ahandi ikandikwa gatozi ? Uru ni urujijo aya mabwiriza ashyiriye ho ubwende.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Ikibazo kititawe ho<\/h1>\n