Mbashimiye byimaze yo kubona mwarafashe umwanya wo gusoma ibyo nanditse njora ibyemezo by\u2019Amabwiriza ya Minisitiri yerekeye imyandikire y\u2019ikinyarwanda yasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta n\u00b041 bis yo ku wa 13\/10\/2014. Mu by\u2019ukuri nta gisubizo nari ntegereje, kwari ugushyira ahagaragara zimwe mu mpungenge nari mfite ku myandikire y\u2019ikinyarwanda iturutse kuri ayo mabwiriza. Biragaragara rero ko mushishikajwe n\u2019umurimo wanyu wo gusegasira umuco n\u2019ururimi rw\u2019ikinyarwanda mwita ku byo abashakashatsi n\u2019abarukoresha batekereza ku myanzuro muba mwafashe, nkaba nizera ko ibyo mvuga niba bidakurikijwe ubu bishobora kuzongera kwitabwa ho ubutaha. Sinzi ko mwabonye akanya ko gusubiza buri wese, ariko ngira ngo mwabonye ko abatarabyishimiye bashoboye kubyandika ari benshi, kandi bose si ko ari abahanga mw\u2019iyigandimi : ibyo ari byo byose ururimi si urw\u2019abashakashatsi, ni urwa rubanda giseseka ni yo mpamvu abashakashatsi batagomba kwifungirana ngo barashyira ho amategeko badakurikiye ibyandikwa cg ibivugwa na rubanda. Ariko kandi bagomba kugerageza kuvana ho akajagari mu myandikire ku nshingano yo gusanisha imyumvire y\u2019ururimi.<\/p>\n
Amahame remezo y\u2019imyandikire myiza<\/strong><\/p>\n Imyandikire y\u2019ururimi urwo ari rwo rwose igenda ihindagurika ikurikiye gushaka korohereza abarwandika no kumvikanisha ibyandikwa. Ntabwo nongera gusubira mu byo nanditse ubushize ariko nagira ngo nongere nibutse ko kuva kera, ihame ngo \u00ab ibivugwa kimwe byandikwa kimwe \u00bb nta rurimi na rumwe rwigeze rubikurikira. Nibaza impamvu abahanga bacu batareba ku bikorwa mu zindi ndimi, bitari ugushaka kwigana, ahubwo bashaka kunoza imyandikire y\u2019ikinyarwanda. Duhereye no ku kibonezamvugo cya Port-Royal mu Bufaransa cyanditswe mu wa 1662, (Grammaire g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/i>), abahanga bashyize ho amahame bagendera ho mu kunonosora imyandikire y\u2019igifaransa, banditse ngo \u00ab nta kigomba kwandikwa kitavuzwe \u00bb, ko \u00ab nta cyaturwa kitanditse \u00bb\u00a0[1]<\/a>, ariko na none bongera ho ko \u00ab hari inyuguti zitavugwa kandi zanditse, zigamije kudufasha kubona mu bwenge bwacu inshoza y\u2019amagambo \u00bb[2]<\/a>. Nyuma ya ho byaje gusobanurwa no gusobanuka. Ubu ngubu, twavuga ko igifaransa kimwe n\u2019izindi ndimi bigendera ku mahame akurikira (amwe nayavuze mu mwandiko wabanjirije) : amajwi yumvikana (phonologie)[3]<\/a>, amateka y\u2019ijambo uko ryagiye ryandikwa (histoire), inkomoko y\u2019ijambo (\u00e9tymologie), imiterere y\u2019ijambo (morphologie), isanishantego (morpho-syntaxe)[4]<\/a>, ikindi cya ngombwa, ijambo rigashobora gutandukana n\u2019irindi mu myandikire aho bishoboka hose. Sinatanga urugero rw\u2019icyongereza uko cyandikwa byo ni agahomamunwa. Kandi abaruvuga barabyihanganira, sindumva abongereza bateranije itsinda ryo guhindura imyandikire y\u2019ururimi rwabo !<\/p>\n Gabanya ibimenyetso, gabanya amagambo yitiranwa : kumvikanisha inshoza ni byo utagomba guhusha<\/strong><\/p>\n Nibwira rero ko no mu kinyarwanda dushoboye gukurikira ayo mahame, ndetse tugashobora no kongera ho andi yihariye kugira ngo ikinyarwanda cyanditse cyumvikane, byagombye kuba akarusho, cyane dushoboye kugabanya ibimenyetso. Muri iyo nshingano yo kugabanya ibimenyetso, tugomba no kugabanya amagambo yandikwa kimwe kandi avuga ibintu bitandukanye, kandi ijambo ubwaryo uko ryanditse rikaba ryakwibutsa inkomoko yaryo n\u2019inshoza yaryo (iyo bishobotse). Nk\u2019iyo wanditse \u00ab insinzi \u00bb bijya kwibutsa \u00ab isindwe \u00bb (beuverie) ntibyitiranywe n\u2019\u00ab intsinzi \u00bb (victoire). Bakubwira \u00ab incarwatsi \u00bb ukumva iyo nzoka, bikanakwibutsa n\u2019aho iba. Naho kuba \u00ab nsha \u00bb na \u00ab nca \u00bb bivugwa kimwe si cyo kibazo, ikibazo ni icyo bitandukanya mw\u2019ijambo ryanditse. Nta burenganzira rero abashyira ho amategeko, bafite yo guhatira abantu ngo \u00ab ibivugwa kimwe byandikwe kimwe \u00bb, kandi mu zindi ndimi atariko bigenda. Harya ngo kubitandukanya bigomba gusesengurwa ? Iyo ubajije umufaransa impamvu yanditse \u00ab phare \u00bb aho kwandika \u00ab fare \u00bb (mu cyesipanyoli no mu gitaliyani bandika \u00ab faro \u00bb) ntabwo akubwira ko yabanje gutekereza ko iryo jambo riva ku kigereki\u00a0\u03a6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/span><\/a>\u00a0! Ikindi kandi urugero mwatanze \u00ab inshuti \u00bb cg \u00ab incuti \u00bb ni urugero rugomba kujya mu cyitonderwa aho kuba ihame mugendera ho. Kuba bavuga \u00ab agacuti \u00bb, cg \u00ab agashuti \u00bb, nta magambo menshi mu kinyarwanda yitwara atyo. Kandi bigenze bityo \u00ab nc \u00bb na \u00ab nsh \u00bb nta cyo byishe kuba mu rurimi, nk\u2019uko \u00ab c \u00bb na \u00ab sh \u00bb biri mo. Ni ko ruteye.<\/span><\/p>\n Ikindi kibazo ni uko iryo hame \u00ab ibivugwa kimwe byandike kimwe \u00bb mugendera ho hari henshi mutarikurikiza na mwe. Nka ruriya rugero rwa \u00ab mf \u00bb na \u00ab mv \u00bb. Mwansobanurira impamvu -n- ihinduka -m- imbere ya -f- na -v- ?, cyane cyane mu ngero nk\u2019 \u00ab imvura \u00bb, \u00ab imfunya \u00bb ? Njye nzi ko indanganteko muri izo ngero zombi ari -n-. Wumve uko ayo magambo avugwa, ntaho bihuriye n\u2019ibyandikwa ! Niba hari n\u2019itegeko ribigenga, rigomba guhindurwa cg rikoroshywa kuri izo ngero !<\/p>\n Ku zindi ngero zerekeye kuvana ho igihekane -cy- na -jy- ngo bisimburwe na -k- na -g-, ibisobanuro mwatanze nabyo ntabwo byanyuze kubera impamvu nyinshi maze gutanga hejuru. Birakwiye rwose kandi biratunganye gutandukanya mu myandikire, \u00ab gukeka \u00bb no \u00ab gucyeka \u00bb, \u00ab umujyi \u00bb, n\u2019\u00ab umugi \u00bb. Nta n\u2019igisubizo mwatanze ku tugambo tugomba gukatwa, aho noneho tugomba gutandukanya -k- na -ky-. Urugero natanze ubushize \u00ab akababi k\u2019itabi \u00bb, \u00ab ikibabi cy\u2019itabi \u00bb. Mwebwe muratubwira ngo twandike \u00ab akababi k\u2019itabi \u00bb, \u00ab ikibabi k\u2019itabi \u00bb ! Dusubire kuri rya hame ryanyu \u00ab ibivugwa kimwe, byandikwe kimwe \u00bb none se ibitavugwa kimwe kandi bitanafite inshoza zimwe, na byo tubyandike kimwe, ngo muri kugabanya ibimenyetso ? Muratangaje rwose ! Kuki mbese mwebwe, iryo hame ryanyu nta hantu mwarikurikije mwandika iryo tegeko ryanyu ? Namwe ntirirabinjira mu mutwe ? Ikintangaza ni uko mu nyandiko zagiye zikorwa ku myandikire uko yagiye ikurikirana hagiye haba mo amakosa iyo myandikire yari igamije gukosora. Mu kinyarwanda ngo nta mupfumu wipfuma ! Simwe gusa.<\/p>\n Amagambo yandikwe atandukanye, uturemajambo dufatane mw\u2019ijambo<\/strong><\/p>\n a) Imburabuzi “ni”<\/p>\n Ku byerekeye inshinga y\u2019imburabuzi \u00ab ni \u00bb. Mutubwira ko tugomba kwandika iryo jambo ritandukanye n\u2019irikurikira : \u00ab ni byo \u00bb ! Ariko mwagera kuri \u00ab ni mugende \u00bb, \u00ab ni mugenda \u00bb muti bigomba gufatana. Kubera iki ? Muti \u00ab ni \u00bb muri zo nshinga aho ivuga guteganya cg kuziganya si kimwe na \u00ab ni \u00bb ihamya ! Nyamara bigaragara ko bifite isano usibye no gusa byonyine. Biragaragara ko mudakurikira ubushakashatsi aho bugeze kuri iyo ngingo. Mu by\u2019ukuri \u00ab ni \u00bb akajambo kamwe kagenda gata agaciro k\u2019inshoza ya ko y\u2019ibanze ari yo yo guhamya, noneho kagera mu guteganya cg mu kuziganya na ko kakagenekereza kabifashijwe mo n\u2019igihamyasaku cyerekana aho gatandukaniye na \u00ab ni \u00bb ihamya. Ni kuri urwo rwego rw\u2019inteshagaciro (fait s\u00e9mantique appel\u00e9 \u00ab subduction \u00bb), imburabuzi \u00ab si \u00bb iboneka. \u00ab Ni \u00bb ihamya ishyamiranye na \u00ab si \u00bb ihakana, hagati hakaba mo \u00ab n\u00ed \u00bb igenekereza (mu kuziganya cg mu guteganya). Sinza gushobora kubashushanyiriza. Iyo \u00ab ni \u00bb uko iteye kose si \u00ab akano \u00bb, si \u00ab akaremajambo \u00bb, ni ijambo ryihariye. Niyo mpamvu rigomba gutandukana n\u2019inshinga irikurikiye.<\/p>\n b) Impakanyi “nta”<\/p>\n Ku byerekeye impakanyi \u00ab nta \u00bb : iyi mpakanyi ni ijambo ubwaryo ryihariye, si akaremajambo. Ni yo mpamvu igomba gutandukanywa n\u2019ijambo iryo ari ryo ryose riyikurikiye. Mwebwe muti turabifatanya hamwe (imbere y\u2019inshinga) ahandi tubitandukanye (imbere y\u2019izina cg ikinyazina). Ka kajagari mwatinyaga ni mwe mukongereye. Itegeko ryiza ni iritagira icyitonderwa. Mu bisobanuro : iyo mpakanyi nta ho ihuriye na nti- cg si- by\u2019inshinga, kuko iyo \u00ab nta \u00bb ibanziriza buri gihe izina, cg inshinga ariko yahinduwe izina (ingirwazina). Sinzi niba aha twumvikana neza. Kwandika gutyo ni ukudashobora kumva ukuntu mu rugero mwatanze \u00ab Nta bareshya \u00bb inshinga yahindutse izina (ingirwazina) \u00ab abareshya \u00bb, ko utagishoboye kuyitondagura muri ngenga zose. None se ni wandika \u00ab Nta batareshya \u00bb nabyo urabifatanya ? Izo mpakanyi ebyiri urazisobanura ute mu nshinga imwe, ko igomba kugira impakanyi imwe rukumbi ? Harya ngo ni itegeko ry\u2019 \u00ab ubwisungane \u00bb mu magambo ? Ubwo bwisungane butangirira he, bukagarukira he ? Ko bigenze bityo amagambo yose yo mu nteruro umuntu yayafatanya ?<\/p>\n c) Ibinyazina ndangahantu \u00ab ho \u00bb, \u00ab mo \u00bb, \u00ab mwo \u00bb, \u00ab yo \u00bb indangakuntu \u00ab ko \u00bb, bikurikiye inshinga.<\/p>\n Aya ni amagambo yihariye agomba gutandukana n\u2019inshinga. Si uturemajambo tw\u2019inshinga, ni ibinyazina nyabyo bisimbura amazina. Si nk\u2019uturemajambo turi mu nshinga. Inshinga itangirira ku karemajambo k\u2019impakanyi si- muri \u00ab sinkora \u00bb cg nti- muri \u00ab ntibakora \u00bb (iyo ihari, ubundi itangirira ku ndangangenga), ikarangirira ku ndangarebero (marque aspectuelle) \u2013a, cg \u2013e. Byanze bikunze. Niyo mpamvu izo ndangahantu zigomba gutandukanywa n\u2019inshinga. Nta ho bihuriye.<\/p>\n Umwanzuro<\/strong><\/p>\n Abiga ikinyarwanda, cg abakizi, ntabwo baba bashaka kumenya kucyandika gusa, baba bashaka kumenya n\u2019inshoza y\u2019amagambo bakamenya n\u2019aho ijambo rituruka bitabaruhije, batagombye kwirukankira mu nkoranya (na zo zitaboneka cg zanditswe ku buryo budasomeka, cyane iziri ho ubu !). Nta kwitwaza ngo iyo bigiye mu nteruro biratandukana, hari interuro zimwe na zimwe, cyane cyane ingufi, ayo magambo adashobora kumvikana. Dufite amagambo menshi asa atavuga kimwe, kuyongera si wo muti.<\/p>\n Natangajwe n\u2019ukuntu iri tsinda ryateguye iri tegeko rigizwe n\u2019abantu bane gusa : Prof. Laurent Nkusi (mwarimu wanjye akaba n\u2019umushakashatsi kabuhariwe ku Kinyarwanda) ; Dr Cyprien Niyomugabo (umaze gusohora igitabo cyitwa\u00a0La glottopolitique du Rwanda<\/i>) ; Chrysogone Twilingiyimana uzwi kubera igitabo cye\u00a0El\u00e9ments de description du Doko\u00a0<\/i>; Simon Bizimana, muzehe wa kazi watangiranye na Andr\u00e9 Coupez tutaravuka, wanditse inkoranya zihariye z\u2019ubwoko bwose, akaba yarafatanyije n\u2019abandi kwandikaInkoranya y\u2019ikinyarwanda<\/i>\u00a0yasohotse vuba, na none akaba yarandikanye na Cr\u00e9peau igitabo cyitwa\u00a0Les Proverbes du Rwanda\u00a0<\/i>; hari na Emmanuel Nikuze ntazi neza ibigwi ariko nawe ugomba kuba atoroshye. Ibi ndabivuga kugira ngo nerekane ubuhanga bw\u2019aba bagabo b\u2019intiti nyazo. Ariko njye ndabona barabaye bake. Ngira ngo ubushize itegeko benshi bita irya Nsekalije ryasohotse muri 1985, ryabanjirijwe n\u2019itegura ryateranyije abarimu b\u2019iyigandimi muri Kaminuza (UNR) ishami ry\u2019indimi, n\u2019abakozi b\u2019ibiro nteganyanyigisho. Icyo gihe abahanga b\u2019ingeri zose bagize icyo bavuga, ari banyarwanda, ari n\u2019abanyamahanga. Sinzi ukuntu Kaminuza z\u2019ubu zikora ariko abiga iyigandimi bose, cg abigisha, bagombye kuba barahurujwe mbere yo kwandika gusohora iri tegeko, bigaragara ko benshi bataryishimiye. Ibyakozwe, urebye raporo yakozwe ubu, kwabaye gukusanya no kujora ibyakozwe mbere gusa. Ariko wagira ngo ubushakashatsi ku myandikire y\u2019ikinyarwanda bwahagaze muri 1985 ! Iki ni ikibazo giteye inkeke niba abashakashatsi batagishobora guhura kugira ngo bungurane cyangwa banonosore ibibazo byerekeye ururimi rwacu ndetse n\u2019umuco. Ntiturakererwa, imyaka ibiri batanga mo inzibacyuho yagombye gukoreshwa icyo bamwe mu banyarwanda bita \u00ab Etats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de la langue et de la culture rwandaises \u00bb. Bityo tugashobora kumvikana cyane cyane ku myandikire y\u2019ururimi rwacu. Umuntu yakwiyambaza Minisitiri Yozefu Habineza ufite mu byo ashinzwe ururimi n\u2019umuco, ahuruze abashakashatsi bakemure ibyo bibazo. Yatwijeje ko \u00ab uwasinye ari we usinyura \u00bb ko \u00ab nta nka zacitse amabere \u00bb bigatuma dutekereza ko ashyigikiye ko iyo myandikire yanonosorwa kurusha ho.<\/p>\n Mbashimiye kuba mushoboye gusoma iyi nyandiko.<\/p>\n Eug\u00e8ne Shimamungu<\/strong><\/p>\n Docteur en Sciences du Langage<\/p>\n (Univ. Paris-Sorbonne).<\/p>\n Niba utarasoma ibyabanjirije uyu mwandiko kanda aha :<\/p>\n Imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda: Amabwiriza mashya yashyizwe ahagaragara tariki ya 8\/10\/2014<\/a><\/p>\n Icyo ntekereza ku mabwiriza mashya yashyizwe ahagaragara tariki ya 8\/10\/2014<\/a>(Eug\u00e8ne Shimamungu)<\/p>\n