Yanditswe na Erasme Rugemintwaza
Kuva kera na kare Igihugu cy’u Rwanda n’icya Kongo (Zaïre), byahoze ari ibihugu bifitanye umubano wihariye. Mbere ya 1994, U Rwanda na Kongo byari bifitanye umubano mwiza udasanzwe, bibanye kivandimwe, abaturage babyo babanye neza, bagenderana, bahahirana haba mu bwenge cyangwa mu bicuruzwa bindi, bakishimira uwo mubano kugeza ubwo bawuririmba. Ariko nyuma 1994, aho Paul Kagame afatiye u Rwanda mu ntamabara yamennye amaraso y’Abanyarwanda atagira ingano, umubano w’u Rwanda na Kongo wajemo igitotsi, ibihugu bibana nabi, mu rwikekwe n’amacenga menshi ndetse haba n’intambara zayogoje igihugu cya Kongo, zihuruza amahanga. Imyaka 25 irashize, Uburasirazuba bwa Kongo bwarabaye cya Kirunga, dore bunarimo koko ibirunga, kitazima, gihora gitegereje kuruka. Uburasirazuba bwa Kongo bwabaye indiri y’imitwe yitwaje intwaro, aho bucya bwakira ukaba uramye. Kuri uwo muriro utazima, hiyongeyeho ko uyu mwaka wa 2022, urimo urarangira Kigali na Kinshasa byacanye umubano kubera intambara yashojwe n’Umutwe wa M23, Kinshasa ivuga ko ari waremwe n’u Rwanda, Kigali ikawuvuganira ivugako urimo kurengera Abatutsi b’Abanyekongo bavuga ikinyarwanda, batotezwa na Leta ikabashumuriza Umutwe wa FDLR w’Abahutu wasize woretse abatutsi mu Rwanda. Guhomahoma byararangiye, imizinga n’indege biraziburwa. Amahanga yarahagurutse, atangira aruma ahuha none ageze aho aomera akamo u Rwanda, ariko Kagame n’Ingabo ze ntacyo bitayeho kubibabwirwa. Ese u Rwanda mu kujya inyuma ya M23 rurashaka iki muri Kongo? Umutwe wa M23 ukorana ute n’u Rwanda? Wo se urashaka iki?
- Amavu n’amavuko y’umutwe wa M23
Iyo Abihayimana batwigisha inkomoko y’umuntu, batubwira ko mbere ya byose Jambo yahozeho, ngo kandi Jambo yari Imana. Nyuma Imana yaremye umuntu, ikoresheje ijambo gusa. Na mbere ya M23 hari icyari gihari, kandi icyo cyari gihari nicyo cyaremye M23, nicyo kiyiyobora nicyo kiyibeshaho nk’uko Imana ibeshaho umuntu, umunsi wagera ikamuhamagara ikamwisubiza. Ese M23 mbere yo kuvuka hari iki?
Byose birahera i Kigali, ubwo ubutegetsi bwa Paul Kagame bwavugije induru butabaza inshuti buvugako Abahutu bahungiye muri Kongo, nyuma yo guhirima kw’ingoma yabo, ngo bagasiga bahekuye u Rwanda, barimo kwisuganya ngo batere igihugu bityo babone urwaho rwo gukomeza kwica Abatutsi. Amerika yahise itabara bwangu, itanga imyitozo, itanga intwaro, itanga amahugurwa, itanga amakuru ashingiye ku butasi. Biba bihuriranye n’uko Mobutu atari acyifuzwa n’Amerika yakoreraga. Nibwo rero Kigali yashinze Umutwe w’Inyeshyamba witwa Ihuriro riharanira Demokarasi no kubohoza Kongo (AFDL: Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo), kugira ngo bawitwaze babone uko binjira muri Zayire. Uwo mutwe wahise ushakirwa Abayobozi b’Abanyekongo na Kigali nibwo bagiye batoragura hirya no Abanyekongo bigeze kugira inyota y’ubutegetsi no kurwanya Leta. Nguko uko Laurent Desire Kabila yagizwe umuyobozi wa AFDL, bamukikiza Abatutsi bo mu Rwanda n’abo muri Kongo aribo Banyamurenge bo muri Kivu y’Amajyepfo n’Abagogwe bo muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru dore ko benshi bari bavuye mu ntambara yo gufata u Rwanda, abandi bamaze gutahuka ku gahato k’ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Mobutu bwababonagamo abantu babi bagize uruhare mu guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana Yuvenali wari inshuti ye y’akadasohoka. Ishami rya Gisirikare cy’izo nyeshyamba ryayobowe na James Kabarebe wahise aba n’Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Ingabo wa Kongo nyuma yo guhirika Mobutu. Nibwo AFDL ifashe ubutegetsi I Kinshasa muri Gicurasi 1997.
Ntibwateye kabiri ariko, abashyize hamwe barwanya Mobutu ntibumvikana. Nibwo mu 1998 gusa, havutse Umutwe wiyomoye kuri AFDL, nawo uhimbwe na Kigali witwa Ihuriro rya Kongo riharanira Demokarasi (RDC: Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie). Ibi bikaba byari biturutse ko na Perezida Laurent Desire Kabila yari yasabye abamufashije gutaha, ariko bo ntibabikozwa. RDC nawo waje gucikamo ibice bibiri by’ingenzi harimo icya Goma (RCD Goma) cyagumye mu kwaha k’u Rwanda rwari rwarigaruriye Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru kugeza ubwo Abanyarwanda bajyaga bita za Goma muri Rwanda B. Icyo gice cya Goma cyasigayemo Abatutsi naho icya Kisangani (RCD Kisangani), kijya ku kwaha kwa Uganda; cyo kikaba cyari cyiganjemo abahoze muri Leta ya Mobutu. Muri iki gihe igihugu cya Kongo cyari cyararacitsemo ibice, hari icyayoborwaga na Leta ya Kinshasa, ariko uburasirazuba bwo hari igice cyayoborwaga n’u Rwanda na RCD/Goma, umurwa ari Goma, hari n’icyayoborwaga na Uganda na RCD Kisangani, umurwa mukuru ari Kisangani. Ibi kandi nibyo byavuyemo intamabara yiswe iya kabiri, Muzehe Kabila agera ubwo yicwa, muri Mutarama 2001, ayiraga Kadogo we Joseph Kabila w’imyaka 29, maze ku bw’Imana amahanga arahaguruka haba imishyikiran ya Sun City ya 2003, ari nayo twavugako yahosheje intambara kuko u Rwanda na Uganda byategetswe kuva muri Kongo. Ariko ngo so ukwanga akuraga urubanza rwamunaniye, kubera ubukungu bwa Kongo yaba u Rwanda yaba na Uganda byakomeje gushaka uburyo byaba muri Kongo.
Ubwo habaye agahenge mu Burasirazuba, ndetse na Kongo ishobora kujya mu matora ya Perezida n’andi anyuranye mu 2006. Ariko hari ikibazo cyagombaga gukemuka mu Ntara ya Kivu y’amajyaruguru, guhiga bukware impuzi z’Abahutu b’Abanyarwanda b’umutwe wa FDLR( Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Rwanda) kuko kuva izi ntambara zose za Kongo ziba niwo wari umugambi wa Leta ya Kigali. Joseph Kabila yari yiyemeje guhiga uwo mutwe, nyuma ariko atangiye kugenda biguruntege nibwo habayeho kuvuka k’umutwe wa CNDP (Congres National pour la Défense du Peuple) muri Nyakanga 2006, umutwe wakozwe na Kigali ugahabwa Jenerali Laurent Nkunda, wahise afata abasirikare barigumura dore ko abenshi ari Abatutsi bahoze muri RCD. Tariki ya 23 Werurwe habaye andi masezerano hagati ya Leta ya Kinshasa na CNDP. Nkunda Laurent yaje gufatwa n’u Rwanda azanwa i Kigali aho yibera kugeza ubu mu mutekano ukomeye kurusha n’abajenerali b’u Rwanda. Nkunda yaje gusimburwa na Bosco Ntaganda warimo ashakishwa la Leta ndetse n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha kubera ibyaha yakoze by’inyokomuntu. Muri ako kavuyo nka Bosco Ntaganda ko kwihishahisha za Masisi kugeza yigemuye muri Ambasade y’Abanyamerka I Kigali,, havutse undi mutwe nawo ukuriwe n’uwahoze ari umusirikare w’u Rwanda, Colonel Sultan Makenga; we yaje asaba ko amasezerano CNDP, yubahirizwa. Niyo mpamvu y’iryo zina rya M23, bivuga tariki 23 Mars 2009, umunsi wasinyiweho amasezerano bavuga ko kugeza n’ubu atubahirijwe na Leta ya Kinshasa. Umugambi w’uyu mutwe M23, wavutse muri Gicurasi 2012, kugira ngo usimbure CNDP, akaba ari uwo guhiga FDLR, Ibyo ariko ntawabyizera kuko ibirindiro bya FARDC, M23 yibasira, cyangwa gufata imijyi minini nka Goma yafashe mu 2012 ikawirukanwamo, ntabwo biba bikibaye guhiga FDLR gusa, ahubwo haba hajemo kugaragaza imbaraga bityo bikaba byafashaka gusaba Leta ibyo bifuza byose, basa n’abayirusha imbaraga cyangwa bagaragaza ko bahagrariwe n’ingwe.
Ngicyo igisekuru cyose cya M23. Muri make ni umutwe w’Abasirikare banze kuguma mu gisrikare, uyobowe n’abasirikare bakuru bahoze mu ngabo z’u Rwanda nka Colonel Sultan Makenga, bafite ubutumwa bw’umubyeyi wabo Paul Kagame, bwo kwigarurira Intara ya Kivu y’amajyaruguru, guhiga no kurimbura muri iyo Ntara impunzi z’Abahutu bibumbiye muri FDLR kugira ngo barinde u Rwanda rw’Abatutsi, icyitwa uwo bakeka ko umwanzi cyose. Ngiyo M23 yatsinzwe mu 2012, ikanahunga, yagarutse ifite imbaraga zatumye amahanga yose ahaguruka, amaze kubona izo mbaraga z’umurengera, asaba u Rwanda kureka intambara rushoza muri Kongo runyuze muri M23.
- U Rwanda rurashaka iki muri Kongo
Kuva kera na kare ntabwo u Rwanda rwa Paul Kagame ntirwigeze rwemera ko arirwo ruri inyuma y’imitwe twavuze haruguru yose, ariko nyamara umuntu akaba yakwibaza impamvu buri teka iyo iyo mitwe ivuzwe, usanga u Rwanda rusa n’abavugizi bayo. Intamabara zose zibera muri Kongo usanga n’umunyarwanda wo hasi ba akubita agatoki ku kandi ashaka kujyayo, kuko niwo mwera uba waturutse ibukuru.
Iyo usesenguye neza rero usanga impamvu zitangwa na Kigali, ivuga ko ari impamvu z’umutekano zo guhiga ababangamiye u Rwanda atari zo kuko Abayobozi b’u Rwanda, uhereye ku mujyanama wa Kagame mu by’umutekano Jenerali James Kabarebe, bivugiye kenshi ko Interahamwe cyangwa FDLR btasinzwe burundu ko abasidaue ari intarukira zidashobora kwisuganya ngo zigire icyo zigeraho. Ikigaragara Kagama arashaka ahantu hagutse haha ubuhumekero u Rwanda, igihugu gikennye kandi gituwe cyane. Muri make ni ugushaka ubutaka bwo gutuwaho Abanyarwanda, no gusahura imitungo ya Kongo. Ntacyo Etienne Tshikededi atakoze kugira ngo Kagame ahuge abo barwanyi ba FDLR cyangwa se ngo ahe ku Rwanda ubukungu bwa Kongo. Aha amasezerano ku by’umutekano yo gufata no kohereza mu Rwanda Abarwanyi ba FDLR, tutibagiwe ibikorwa bya gisirikare byiswe “Umoja”, byagiye bihurirwamo n’ingabo z’u Rwanda (RDF) n’iza Kongo (FARDC), zahize kubura hasi no hejuru FDLR. Aha na none tuba tuvuga amazereno y’ubucuruzi yashyizweho umukono n’ibihugu byombi ku birebana n’ubucuruzi yashyizweho umukono n’Abaperezida bombi Paul Kagame na Antoine Tsishekedi, ku matariki ya 25 na 26 GIcurasi 2021 mu Mijyi ya Goma na Rubavu. Muri ayo u Rwanda rwahawe uburenganzira bwo gutunganya zahabu ya Kongo, ndetse hari n’andi masezerano yo kurwanya uburiganya mu misoro. Nyuma ndetse humvikanye andi masezerano arebana n’iby’umutekano yasinywe n’ibigo bya Polisi z’ibihugu byombi. Ese n’iki koko Kongo itakoze ngo inyure umuturanyi wayo u Rwanda?
- Amahanga aramagana imikoranire y’u Rwanda na M23
Nk’uko bisanzwe, intambara zibera muri Kongo, ntabwo zisaba ubuhanga buhanitse mu bugusesenguzi kugira ngo umuntu abone ko ari u Rwanda ruziri inyuma. Aho ikoranabuhanga rimariye guterera imbere buri kantu kose karamenyekana; Umuturage wese yabaye umunyamakuru, indege n’ibyogajuru bitagararagara ariko bifite imbonerakure ni uruhuri. Niyo mpamvu rero amahanga yahagurutse asaba u Rwanda gusigaho gufasha no kuvugira umutwe wa M23. Ubu bufasha bw’u Rwanda bukaba bwaragaragajwe na raporo yakozwe n’impuguke za LONI, itangazwa tariki 16 ukuboza 2022.
Muri iyo raporo y’impuguke za LONI, ubwanditsi bufitiye kopi, mu gice cyiswe “Uduteroshuma tw’ingabo z’u Rwanda (RDF), ibikorwa bya gisirkare n’ubufasha mu bikoresho bwahawe umutwe wa M23/ ARC”
Mu gaka ka 47, “ Itsinda ryabonye ibimenyetso ku bikorwa bya gisirikare byakozwe n’ingabo za RDF muri Teritwari ya Rutshuru hagati y’ukwezi k’Ugushyingo 2022 n’Ukwakira 2022. Itsinda ryabonye ko kuva kuri Mutarama 2022, byibuze abasirikare 5 ba RDF bafatiwe ku butaka bwa Repubulika iaharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (Umugereka wa 28)”.
Mu gaka ka 48 “Abahamya babibonye n’amaso, abarwanyi ba M23 bafashwe cyangwa bitanze, Ingabo za Kongo (FARDC), sosiyete siviri, abayobozi b’inzego z’ibanze ndetse n’abayobozi b’imitwe yitwaje intwaro babajijwe n’Itsinda, muri gurupema za Kibumba na Buhumba, abo muri Rumangabo, Rugari, Ntamugenga, Kiwanja na Rutshuru, muri Teritwari na Nyiragongo na Rutshuru, bemeza ko hari Ingabo za RDF muri ibyo bice bya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, rimwe bagenda ku mirongo iyo bamaze kwinjira mu Gihugu bavuye mu Rwanda. Ingabo za RDF zikambitseho ahantu hanyuranye, ndetse hamwe na hamwe hagenzuwe n’Itsinda (Reba umugereka 29). Abarwanyi 10 ba M23/ARC bafashwe ndetse n’ababibonye n’amaso baba muri ibyo bice, bavuze ko RDF ikambika impande hafi y’aho M23/ARC ikambika ku rugamba. Amashusho n’amafoto yafatiwe mu kirere bigaragaza abasirikare ba RDF mu midugudu no ku bice by’imipaka ndetse n’aho M23/ARC bakambitse. . Abo basirikare bambaye imyenda y’akazi kandi bafite n’ibikoresho (Umugereka wa 30).”
Agaka ka 49, “RDF yagabye ibitero ku birindiro bya FDLR muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo muri Gicurasi na Kamena 2022 (umugereka wa 31); RDF iri yonyine cyangwa iri kumwe n’Abarwanyi ba M23/ARC, yagabye ibitero ku birindiro bya FARDC (Umugereke wa 32 na S/2022/479, ibika 60−62). Byongeye, RDF yahaye M23/ARC umusada w’abasirikare mu bitero bimwe na bimwe, by’umwihariko iyo habaga hari umugambi wogufata imijyi cyangwa ahantu hihariye. Nk’urugero, muri Gicurasi 2022, M23/ARC na RDF, bagabiye hamwe igitero ku Kigo cya Gisirikare cya Rumangabo, banafata Bunagana muri Kamena 2022 (Umugereka 16).”
Agaka ka 50, “Ku itariki ya 30 Ukwakira 2022, umuvugizi wa Guverinoma ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, yamaganye igikorwa cyo kuza uruvunge kw’ingabo za RDF zije gushyigikira umutwe w’iterabwoba wa M23 mu kugaba ibitero rusange ku ngabo za FARDC, byagaraye mu minsi ya vuba, kandi ibyo byahuye n’amashusho ya dorone (Umugereka wa 33), kubera iyo mpamvu akaba yarahise atangaza iyirukanwa rya Ambasaderi w’u Rwanda I Kinshasa, Vincent Karega”.
Agaka ka 51, “Mu gusubiza ubusabe bw’amakuru bw’Itsinda, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yavuze ko RDF itigeze yambuka umupaka wa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ‘ku mpamvu iyo ariyo yose’, ihakana ibirego biyishinja gushyigikira M23/ARC, ikaba ifata ibyo ‘nko kugereka ibyaha ku Rwanda nyamara ari ibibazo bya Kongo ubayo’. U Rwanda rwashimangiyeko rutigeze rufasha kandi nta gahunda rufite to gufasha mu gushakira M23/ARC abarwanyi, haba ku butaka bwayo cyangwa mu Karere”.
Si ubwa mbere LONI ikora raporo igaraza ibikorwa bibi by’u Rwanda ku butaka bwa Kongo. Reka twibutse ko mu kwezi kwa Nzeli 2010, LONI yasohoye raporo yiswe “Mapping Report 2010”, yari yakozwe na Komisariya ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa Muntu ya LONI. Iyo raporo yagaragzaga uruhare rw’ingabo z’u Rwanda mu byaha byakozwe ku butaka bwa Kongo kuva 1996 −2003; iyo raporo ikaba ivuga ko ibyaha byakorewe Abahutu muri Kongo ari ibyaha by’intambara, byibasiye inyokomuntu ndetse n’ibya jenoside. Iyo raporo nk’ibisanzwe yamagangwe ka Kigali, ku buryo uyivuzeho wese agerekwaho gupfobya Jenoside y’Abatutsi no kugira ingengabitekerezo bya jenoside.
Hari andi maraporo menshi yagiye ashyira u Rwanda mu majwi mu busahuzi bw’umutungo kamere wa Kongo, ariko byose Kigali itabihakana;
Nk’uko bimeze ubu, ibihugu by’ibihangange uhereye kuri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, Ubudage, Ubufaransa, byose biramagana u Rwanda, ku ntambara ikomeje guhembera muri Kongo, bagasaba Kagame kuvana ingabo muri Kongo no guhagarika inkunga iyo ariyo yose aha M23/ARC.
- Ingaruka z’iyi ntambara
Ingaruka z’iyi ntambara ni nyinshi cyane ku Rwanda. Nk’Igihugu kidakora ku Nyanja kandi gikennye u Rwanda rwari rufite inyungu yo kubiba amahoro mu baturanyi, ariko abantu bose batungurwa no kubona Paul Kagame asa n’uwanduranya ku biguhu bituranyi. Abanyarwanda hafi 60% baturiye imipaka babaho ari uko bambutse imipaka. Ibi bibazo rero u Rwanda rukurura ku baturanyi bitera inzara, bikongera ubukene. Ibyo bigakubitiraho gukurura inzangano gahati y’abantu bari basanzwe babanye neza, basabana, bagasangira ubuzima. Ubu Umunyarwanda aranzwe cyane muri Kongo, mu Burundi byo ni ibisannzwe, mu Buganda byo menya yari amayeri y’Inkotanyi na Museveni.
Ku Bihugu by’inshuti bifata u Rwanda nk’igihugu kica amategeko harimo by’umwihariko Amasezerano−Nyobozi 20988 (Accord−Cadre 20988), avuga ko nta gihugu kigomba kwivanga mu micungire y’ikindi; cyane ahavugwa ko ntagucira akari urutega, cyangwa guha ubufasha ubwo aribwo bwose imitwe yitwaza ibirwanisho; kubaha ubusugire no kutavogera imipaka y’ibihugu bituranyi ndetse no kubaha inyungu zubaharije amategeko z’ibihugu bituranyi cyane cyane ku birebana n’umutekano. Izi ngingo by’umwihariko zirareba u Rwanda. Uku gutsimbarara no kutumva kwa Leta ya Kigali kugiye kongera gutuma Kongo iba ihuriro ry’ingabo z’amahanga dore ko ubu ibihugu byose by’Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba (EAC: East Africa Community), byose uko ari 7 uvanemo u Rwanda, byaparitse ibifaru n’imbunda za rutura mu Burasirazuba. Byanga bikunze Kongo igiye kongera kuba isibaniro. Ibi rero uretse no kwangiza isura y’Akarere, umutungo, bizangiza Kongo ku buryo bwose ariko bibabaje cyane izindi miliyoni z’abanyekongo zigiye kongera kuhatikirira, abazarokoka bazaba ari ibihamuke cyangwa barahahamutse.
Iyi ya M23 na RDF kandi bifite ingaruka zikomeye, aho Leta ya Kagame imaze kubiba ikibazo cy’amoko muri aka Karere ariko agaragaza ko Abahutu bakarimo bose bagomba gupfa cyangwa kugirwa abacakara, ari nako ubona ashishikajwe no gushyira imbere Abatutsi, ugasanga akeka ko bashobora gutegeka aho bari hose nko muri Kongo, nyamara Kongo usanga irimo amoko amagana, kuvuga ko Abatutsi, aribo bayobora Kongo ni ukguteza ibibazo. Kuko Kongo ituwe n’abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 105, muri bo Abatutsi nta nubwo ari miliyoni 5, ni ukuvuga byibuze 5%. Benshi aha niho nakomeza kwibaza ku bigenda bivugwa mu matamatama ko hashobora kuba hari umugambi wo kugora igihugu cy’Abahima−Tutsi muri Afuruka yo hagati, icyo gihugu akaba ari Igihugu cyagutse kiwabumbira hamwe na za Angola na Kondo Brazaville; Abatanga ubutaka rero babuha Kigali bararye ari menge.
Abarwanyi ba M23/ARC bari bakwiye kumenya ko ibyaha barimo gukora birimo ubwicanyi nk’ubwabereye i Kashishe, n’ahandi ari ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bidasaza. Byongeye ntibakwiye kuba ibikoresho bya Kigali kuko uretse bo ubwabo amateka azababaza ibyo barimo gukora, barimo barakururira abavandimwe babo ibyago.
Abanyekongo bose baba Abayobozi, abaturage basanzwe bari bakwiye kwigira ku mateka y’u Rwanda n’u Burundi, aho ibibazo byitwaza ubwoko nta kindi byakuruye uretse kurimburana kw’abenegihugu, bikabayara urwango/ inzigo ikomeye guca. Nibasigeho rero amazi atararenga inkombe. Naho Paul Kagame we icyo afite mu mutwe ni intenkerezo zo kuba igihangange gusa mu Karere kandi kuri uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwtuma abigeraho ni bwiza; intekerezo ze ni nk’iz’umugabo witwa Cicéron wavuze ngo, “Nibanyange, icy’ingenzi ni uko bantinya”, cyangwa ngo “Imbunda zicecekesha amategeko”.
