Yanditswe na Valentin Akayezu
Mu mpera z’icyumweru cyabanjirije icyo twaraye turangije, sisitemi ya dipolomasi ya FPR yasohoye amatangazo abiri yatumye hagaragara ko umurongo wayo igenderaho (idéologie et fondations de la diplomatie Rwandaise) ushingiye ku myumvire idafite inkingi zifatika yubakiyeho, ukurikije ibisanzwe bigenderwaho mu mikorere y’imibanire y’ibihugu cyangwa y’umuryango mpuzamahanga muri rusange.
Ubundi mu birebana n’imibanire y’ibihugu hagati yabyo, hari imirongo cyangwa imyumvire yo mu buryo bubiri, ikunzwe kubakirwaho, ibihugu bigena uko byifuza kubana hagati yabyo. Uburyo bwa mbere, ni imibanire ishingiye ku mahame (idéalisme/diplomatie de principes). Ubu buryo usanga ibihugu byahisemo kubugenderaho, hari ibyo byiyemeza, bigahinduka imyemerere ikomeye igenga imikorere n’imibanire hagati yabyo. Aho niho usanga ibihugu byiyemeza kugendera ku mahame yo gutabarana no kubahana kubireba ubusugire bwabyo (Pactes de solidarité et de non-agression). Aha niho uzasanga ibihugu bimwe bishyira imbere icyo bise “liberal democracy” ikaba ikubiyemo ingengabitekerezo igira iti igihugu cyemera amahame y’ubwisanzure, ntigishobora guteza intambara ikindi bihuje ukwemera (a democratic state can never wage a war against another democratic state”.
Aho rero niho uzasanga ibihugu byihuriza mu miryango y’ubufatanye, byarangiza iyo miryango bikayiha imbaraga zikomeye ku buryo usanga ifite ubushobozi bukomeye cyane bwo kuvuguruza n’ibyemezo bifatwa na za Leta imbere mu bihugu byazo. Aho niho hashingiye imbaraga z’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi, bituma ibihugu 27 biwugize, bibasha kuba bimaze imyaka myinshi nta kajagari k’amakimbirane kabirangwamo.
Umuryango wo gutabarana wa OTAN nawo ushingiye kuri iyo myumvire aho usanga ibihugu biwugize byemera ko iyo uhungabanije igihugu kimwe, uba uhungabanije ubusugire bw’ibindi byose. Perezida Donald Trump wayoboye Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bimwe mu byatumye isura ye yangirika ndetse na bamwe mu baturage b’igihugu cye bagatangira kumwikanga, ni uko yashatse guhindura imyumvire igihugu cye cyamaze kigenderaho mu myaka myinshi, agashaka kuvana USA mu masezerano yo gutabarana ya OTAN.
Uburyo bwa kabiri ibihugu bikunze kugenderaho mu mibanire yabyo ni ugukoresha igitutu cy’imbaraga, aho twavuga tuti, akaruta akandi, karakamira (réalisme/diplomatie de la force). Ibi cyane cyane, byagaragaye igihe cy’intambara y’ubutita (guerre froide/cold war) aho isi nzima yagiye kwisanga igotewe mu ntambara y’ihangana y’ibice bibiri:
Uburengerazuba bw’isi buhanganye n’icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti (bloc occidental contre l’Ex-URSS). Igihe cy’intambara y’ubutita, ibihugu byahitagamo umurongo bikurikira, maze buri gice kigashora imbaraga zo kurinda no kurengera ibihugu byagikurikiye.
Ingero zirahari zitandukanye. Muri Amerika y’Amajyepfo uzahasanga ibihugu byubakiye imiyoberere yabyo ku matwara ya gikomuniste nka za Bolivia, Nicaragua, Cuba, Venezuela n’ibindi, usanga na nubu politiki yabyo bigenderaho itandukana cyane nigenderwaho mu bihugu bindi biri muri icyo gice, ari nabyo bituma usanga kubaka imbaraga zikomeye kw’ibihugu byo muri icyo gice bigorana nyamara ari, mu bisanzwe, ibihugu birangwamo umutungo kamere mwinshi n’ibikorwa byinshi by’ubuhinzi, ariko ntibibuze abaturage b’icyo gice kubaho nabi.
Muri Aziya, ibihugu byaho nabyo usanga byarigabanijemo ibice hagendewe kuri ya mirongo y’uburyo bubiri ikunze kuba ariyo iranga imikorere ya dipolomasi mpuzamahanga. Ibihugu by’Ubuyapani na Koreya y’Amajyepfo, kubera ihangana ryabyo n’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa na Koreya y’Amajyaruguru, ibihugu bibiri byashyize imbere amatwara ya gisosiyaliste/gikomunisti, byatumye Abayapani n’Abanyakoreya y’Epfo bumva ko bakwiye gushyira imbere umurongo wa “liberal democracy” kugirango bitume babasha kubona amaboko y’Abagendera ku myumvire igenga ibihugu byo mu Burengerazuba, ari nayo mpamvu ubwirinzi bwa Yapani cyangwa Koreya y’Epfo bushorwamo imbaraga nyinshi n’abo mu Burengerazuba.
Uburasirazuba bwo hagati ya Aziya (Middle-East Asia) nabwo usanga bwarabaye isibaniro ry’ihangana ry’iyo mirongo igenga imibanire y’Ibihugu. Umuryango uhuje Ibihugu by’Abarabu usanga waracitse intege kubera ihangana riri hagati ya Arabie Saoudite na Iran.
Ibyo bituma igihigu nka Isiraheli gishyira imbere politiki y’ingufu mu birebana n’imibanire yayo mu karere n’ibihugu bituranye, ariko nanone ugasanga irashyigikirwa n’Ibihugu byo mu Burengerazuba byayishyize mu rugaga rwabyo kubera ko yimitse mu miyoborere y’imbere mu gihugu ya matwara ya politiki y’Ubwisanzure (démocratie libérale) bityo ihangana n’abaturanyi ikarifashwamo n’inshuti zihuje imyemerere nayo.
Tugarutse ku bihugu by’Abarabu nka za Arabie Saoudite, Emirates, Qatar, Bahreïn, Koweït, Egypte, Maroc n’ibindi, n’ubwo demukarasi y’ubwisanzure buha abantu ijambo, itabirangwamo, ariko byashoboye gucengerwamo n’amatwara y’ubwisanzure mu bucuruzi (liberal markets/liberté des marchés) maze ibyo bituma Uburengerazuba bw’Isi bubishingamo imizi, bityo binatakaza imbaraga zo gukomera ku byo zemera, ari nayo mpamvu usanga uyu munsi, umuryango w’Abarabu (Ligue Arabe) waracitse intege imbere ya Israel bityo ibihugu byinshi mu biwugize, ahubwo bigahitamo gukorana na Israël, ndetse bigahuriza hamwe nayo kurwanya ibihugu by’Abarabu bigenzi byabyo nka Iran na Siriya.
Tuje muri Afurika, usanga nyuma y’Ubukoloni, na mbere y’umwanduko w’icyiswe umuyaga wa demukarasi mu myaka ya za 90s, Afurika nayo yarimo ibice, aho ibihugu bimwe byari byariyemeje gukurikira umurongo wa gikomunisti, ibindi bigahitamo kwibera inshuti z’abo mu burengerazuba. Afurika y’Uburengerazuba ahanini, inyuma ya Nkrumah muri Ghana n’abandi bayobozi bari bahuje amatwara mu gihe cye, usanga yarahise iba igice Uburengerazuba bwibonagamo. Ibyo ninako byari bimeze muri Afurika yo hagati isa niyakomeje gusa niyitegekerwa n’Ubufaransa na nyuma y’igihe cy’Ubwigenge.
Afurika y’Amajyepfo niyo yagize umwihariko udasanzwe kubera ko kwigobotora ubukoloni bw’Abongereza byagiye binyura mu byiswe “guerres de libération” kandi ugasanga mu bihugu hafi byose, abarwanyi bakoreraga hamwe, ari abantu baziranye bahuje n’imyumvire ya politiki. Ninayo mpamvu muri ibyo bihugu byo mu majyepfo ya Afurika, usanga amashyaka yarwaniye ubwigenge, hafi ya yose niyo agifite ubutegetsi kugeza nuyu munsi.
Ikindi cy’umwihariko, kuri ibyo bihugu byo mu majyepfo, ni uko ikicaro cyo kwibohora kwabyo hafi ya byose, ari Tanzania, bigatuma muri ibyo bihugu amatwara ya politiki barayavomaga muri filozofiya y’imitegekere ya Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere wayoboye Tanzania, nawe akaba yari yavomye filozofiya ye mu mitegekere ishingiye ku murongo wa gisosiyalisti.
Aho umuyaga wa demukarasi uziye mu myaka ya 90, ukanakurikirana n’ihirima ry’icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, Ibihugu byo mu burengerazuba bw’isi, byihutiye gushyira imbaraga mu kugenzura imiryango y’uturere muri Afurika nka EAC, CEDEAO, CEEAC n’indi mu rwego rwo gukomeza kugenzura imiyoborere y’ibihugu by’Afurika, aho usanga imikorere y’iyo miryango ntacyo mu by’ukuri yungura umuturage wo mu bihugu biyigize, ahubwo usanga ishinzwe gushyira imbere politiki z’ubukungu zikomeza gutsimbataza inyungu z’ibihugu byo mu burengerazuba bw’isi muri Afurika.
Kubirebana n’Afurika y’Amajyepfo, nkuko nabivuze haruguru, hari umwihariko utaboneka ahandi muri Afurika. Nubwo ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’Afurika, hafi ya byose, dukuyemo wenda Zimbabwe, Eswatini yahoze ari Swaziland, usanga byarashoboye kubaka imitegekere ya demukarasi no guhamya amahame ngenderwaho mu mikorere y’ibihugu bikurikiza amategeko (rule of law), ariko nanone, kubera ko amashyaka yaharaniye ubwigenge muri ibyo bihugu (ukuyemo Zambia na Malawi, aho hakunze kuba ihinduranya ry’amashyaka afite ubutegetsi) ariyo agifite ubutegetsi kandi abayayoboye bose bakaba ari abantu bahuriye hamwe mu ntambara zo kubohoza ibihugu byabo, bituma demukarasi yo mu bihugu byo mu majyepfo y’Afurika igira umwihariko wo gutandukana n’iyo ibindi bihugu by’Afurika bitamikwa. Ibyo kandi, bituma hanaba urusika rukomeye, rutuma ibihugu by’uburengerazuba bitabasha kwivanga mu mitegekere yabo.
Umuryango uhuza ibyo bihugu wa SADC, niwo muryango mu yindi yose y’uturere muri Afurika, ugaragaza ko ushingiye ku busugire n’umwimerere wawo kandi ukaba ufite amahame ahuriweho ugenderaho. N’ubwo igihugu cya KongoDR gitandukanye mu mikorere n’amatwara agenga SADC, ariko ubwo Mzee Laurent Désiré Kabila yemererwaga kwakirwa muri SADC kwa KongoDR, ni uko yari azwi naba Tanzania kandi amatwara ye akaba yari ashingiye kuyagenderwaho na “mouvements de libération” ziyobora ibihugu bigize SADC, hakaniyongeraho ko Kongo inahana imbibi na bimwe mu bihugu bigize SADC. Ese ko Nyakwigendera Pierre Nkurunziza yagiye yaratanze ubusabe bwo kwinjiza Uburundi muri SADC, aho ko imikoranire y’Uburundi na SADC biboneka ko igeze ku ntera yo ku rwego rwo hejuru, ubwo si uburyo bw’umuryango ukinguye Général Neva azuzurizamo ubwo busabe? Reka tubitege amaso!
Twatangiye duha umutwe w’iyi nyandiko, inyito yerekana y’uko FPR yitotombera ko SADC ibogamye, ikaba iteza iy’abahanda ngo ibikorwa bya SADC muri KongoDR ntibigire inkunga biterwa n’umuryango mpuzamahanga!! Mu itangazo ryashyizwe ahagaragara n’Ubunyamabanga Bukuru bwa SADC, bwagaragazaga ko ingabo zahorejwe muri KongoDR muri misiyo yiswe “SAMIDRC” ishingiye ku ihame ryo gutabarana (solidarité). Itangazo rivuga neza ko uhungabanyije umutekano mu gihugu kimwe mu bigize SADC, aba ahungabanyije amahoro y’ibihugu byose bigize SADC. Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe muri iryo tangazo rero, ntabwo SAMIDRC yagiye guhagarara hagati y’Abarwanyi, ahubwo yagiye kurwanya urwanya KongoDR nk’umunyamuryango wa SADC.
Ese icyo SAMIDRC igamije FPR irakiyobewe? Oya, irabisonakiwe neza. Ahubwo Diplomasi ya FPR mu kurwanya SAMIDRC ni ukwereka cyangwa gushaka kwibutsa ibihugu bitanga amafaranga ko guha SAMIDRC inkunga ari ukwirwanya kuko bitarashobora gupfumurira mu mitegekere itajegajega ya byinshi mu bihugu bigize SADC, bityo FPR ikababwira ko ariyo mufatanyabikorwa mwiza kubibera muri Kongo, bityo ntacyo ibyo bihugu bitanga amafaranga byagombye gukora mu rwego rwo kubangamira FPR mu ntambara yashoje muri Kongo DR.
Ikibazo gikomeye kibazwa ni ikirebana nuko umwuka wa dipolomasi mpuzamahanga uko uhinduka, uri kugenda utuma ibihugu byo mu burengerazuba bw’isi bigira intege nke z’ijambo ryabyo muri Afirika. Ese bizahitamo gukomeza kubarara kuri FPR bigaragara ko isigaye yonyine mu karere, maze bihitemo guhangana n’ibihugu bya SADC byahagurukiye kurangiza ikibazo cy’umutekano FPR iteza mu karere? Ese ni izihe nkingi dipolomasi ya FPR yubakiyeho bigaragara ko zirimo kugenda ziyisenyukiraho ibireba? Tuzabireba mu gice cya kabiri kiyi nyandiko.
