Yanditswe na Valentin Akayezu
AGACIRO KA “MAPPING REPORT” MU RUBANZA RWAHUJE UGANDA NA DRC N’ICYO BISOBANUYE MU RUGENDO RWO GUHARANIRA UBUTABERA KU BAKEKWAHO IBYAHA BYAKOREWE MU NTAMBARA ZO MU BURASIRAZUBA BWA CONGO CYANE CYANE KU BIREBA ABANYARWANDA
Uru rubanza DRC yaregagamo Uganda rwashingiye ku bintu bikurikira DRC isaba ko Uganda igomba gutangira indishyi. Akaba ari urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’umuryango w’Abibumbye rufite ikicaro I La Haye mu Buholandi. Urukiko ubundi rwitwa “Cour de Justice Internationale/International Court of Justice” ni urukiko ubundi rutaburanisha abantu, ahubwo ruburanisha gusa impaka ziri hagati y’ibihugu byemera ububasha bwarwo, cyangwa rukaba rwaburanisha impaka hagati y’ibihugu n’imiryango mpuzamahanga(ahanini ihuza ibihugu: organizations publiques internationals). ICJ iburanisha kandi cyangwa se isobanura bimwe mu byo iba yasabye n’umuryango w’abibumbye kumvikanisha neza(role d’interprétation).
Ku kibazo cya Uganda na DRC rero, kubera intambara Uganda yinjiyemo ku butaka bwa Congo, byatumye abategetsi b’iki gihugu bafata icyemezo cyo kurega Uganda basaba ko Uganda yatanga indishyi z’ibyangiritse kubera gushoza intambara muri DRC. Leta ya Uganda, ntiyigeze ishaka kwanga kwitabira uru rubanza, nk’uko u Rwanda rwabikoze ruvuga ko urukiko nta bubasha rufite bwo kuruburanisha. Nibutse kandi ko DRC yari yanarenze Uburundi ariko nyuma DRC ikaza kwisubiraho ikareka ikirego yaregagamo Uburundi. Ibikorwa rero Kongo yasabaga ko Uganda igomba gutangira indishyi n’ibi bikurikira:
- Impfu z’abantu(human Loss):
- Gufatwa ku ngufu abagore n’abakobwa n’ihohoterwa rindi rishingiye ku gitsina
- Gukoresha abana mu ntambara
- Kuvana abaturage mu byabo
- Kwangiza umutungo(properties damages).
Kuri iki cyo kwangiza umutungo, niho ICJ yifashishije mapping report nk’ikimenyetso gikomeye mu rubanza. Akaba cyane cyane ari ku bikorwa byakorewe muri Ituri. Kuri iki kibazo, urukiko(ICJ) rwagaragaje ko ibimenyetso bitangwa bidashobora gufasha cyangwa kubona ikigereranyo cy’ukuri ku byangijwe muri Ituri. Urukiko rwerekanye ko raporo y’impuguke yashyizweho n’urukiko idatanga amakuru y’inyongera cyangwa adashidikanywa ku byakorewe muri Ituri. Aho rero niho urukiko rwasanze rwakwifashisha Mapping Report hamwe n’izindi nyandiko z’inyongera z’umuryango w’abibumbye mu rwego rwo kugaragaza amakuru adashidikanywa yerekana ibikorwa bikomeye by’ubusahuzi muri Ituri.
Ariko nubwo navuze ko urukiko cyane cyane rwashingiye kuri mapping report rwerekana ubusahuzi muri Ituri, ariko ni ngombwa kugaragaza ko mu rubanza abahagarariye Kongo bagiye bifashisha iyo raporo ya mapping mu kwerekana ibikorwa bitandukanye byagaragayemo ihohoterwa rikomeye muri Kongo. Biteye amatsiko cyane kubona uburyo Uganda mu kwiregura ku byo DRC yayiregaga cyane cyane kuri bimwe mu bimenyetso byerekanwaga, maze Uganda ikafashisha mapping report nk’ikimenyetso kizewe mu rubanza kuruta ibindi byose DRC yerekanaga. Urugero rwiza rwagaragaye ni aho Uganda ivuga ko ubushakashatsi bw’imibare igereranya impfu zirenze urugero butagaragaza “ibikomere nyabyo byatewe n’ibikorwa byihariye bya Uganda”, nk’uko byari byasabwe n’Urukiko mu rubanza rwo 2005. Ni aho Uganda yahereye igaragaza inyandiko zikomeye urukiko rwashingiraho kuko zigaragaza kandi zigatanga amakuru atabogamye. Izo nyandiko Uganda yavugaga ni Uppsala Conflict Data Program “UCDP”) ibitse mu bubiko bwa Kaminuza ya Uppsala/Suede, Event Data Project ya Kaminuza ya Sussex/UK, na Mapping Report. Uganda yerekanye ko ibivugwa muri izo nyandiko bigaragaramo amakuru afitiwe inkomoko itabogamye (neutral sources).
Urukiko (ICJ) ruha agaciro ibimenyetso rwagaragarijwe (evidence validation process) rwabibonye mu buryo bukurikira:
Urukiko rwerekanye ko k’ububiko bwa UCDP zigaragaramo imbogamizi zibonek a(obvious limitations) kuko UCDP itakoreshwa nk’ikimenyetso cyuzuye mu bucamanza. Ububiko bwa UCDP bushingiye ahanini kuri raporo z’abanyamakuru (press reports) na raporo zatanzwe n’imiryango itegamiye kuri za Leta. Urukiko (ICJ) rubona ko n’ubwo amakuru yatanzwe na UCDP ashobora guhabwa agaciro k’ikimenyetso kituzuye (insufficient evidence) kubirebana no kwerekana umubare w’abasivili bahohotewe, bityo Urukiko rukaba rwarerekanye ko rudashobora gushingira ku mibare y’ubuzima bwatakaye, hashingiwe gusa ku makuru ava mu bubiko bwa UCDP. Urukiko rukaba rubona ko hakenewe ubundi buryo bw’ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, Urukiko rwasuzumye raporo zakozwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye hamwe n’izindi nyandiko zateguwe n’abandi bantu bigenga (independent third parties). Muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rwashingiye kuri rapport z’umuryango w’abibumbye maze rutangaza ko ruzifata nk “ibimenyetso bihagije byerekana ireme ryizewe”(Sufficient evidence of a reliable quality), ariko ICJ ikaba yaravuze ko ibyo bimenyetso bifite gusa “agaciro gashoboka (a probative value) kandi byashimangiwe (Corroborated) n’ibindi bimenyetso byizewe ”.
- Aha umuntu yavuga ko urukiko rwirinze gusuzuma agaciro k’ikimenyetso mu buryo bwuzuye (a holistic assessment of evidence). Urugero ntirwarebye political value yizo rapports rwibanze gusa kuziha agaciro nk’ikimenyetso rukeneye kwifashisha mu guca urubanza. Uretse ko n’umuntu yavuga ko ibyo bitari ngombwa kuko sicyo urukiko rwari rwasabwe gukora.
Urukiko rwavuze ko agaciro gasobanutse neza (precise evidentiary value) gahabwa raporo iyo ari yo yose, harimo n’izakozwe n’inzego z’umuryango w’abibumbye, igihe gusa byaba bigaragaye ko mu ikorwa rya raporo, hitawe ku buryo yakozwemo (methodology) ndetse bikanashingira ku buremere bw’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe birebana n’itegurwa rya rapport (amount of research).
Kubera iyo mpamvu, Urukiko urukiko rumaze kugenzura neza uburyo mapping report yakozwemo, rwahise rwemeza mapping report yizewe ku buryo bwihariye, ibyo bigashingira ko amakuru yose agaragara muri rapport ashingiye ku kuba mapping report igaragaza kandi ko byibuze mu ikorwa ryayo yanashingiye ku bindi bimenyetso bibiri bidashidikanywaho hakabamo no kuba kandi rapport yarashoboye kubakira no ku mvungo z’abatangabuhamya (Witness interviews), bityo urukiko rukaba rwarayemeje nk’ikimenyetso cyuzuye kandi kizewe (reliable evidence). Urukiko kandi mu gukomeza kwerekana uburemere bw’agaciro ka mapping report, rwagaragaje ikindi kintu gikomeye aho rwerekanye itandukaniro riri hagati ya mapping report n’andi ma rapport aba agamije gukora iperereza (in-depht investigation) cyangwa agamije kwegeranya ibimenyetso bizakoreshwa mu rukiko (gathering of evidence admissible in Court). Dore uko urukiko rwabivuze mu rurimi rw’icyongereza:
“However, even the Mapping Report “did not provide for in-depth investigations or gathering of evidence admissible in court, but rather [aims at giving] ‘the basis for the formulation of initial hypotheses of investigation by giving a sense of the scale of violations, detecting patterns and identifying potential leads or sources of evidence.”
Urukiko rwerekanye ko umwihariko wa mapping report ari uko yo igomba gufatwa nk’ikimenyetso kidasanzwe kigamije:
- gutanga “ishingiro rya ‘hypotheses’ z’ibanze za anketi kugira ngo habashe kwerekana cyangwa kumvikanisha neza urugero nyarwo rw’ihohoterwa (a sense of the scale of violence);
- kwerekana neza ibyaranze iryo hohoterwa (patterns) no kumvikanisha icyaba ari cyo ntandaro yo gukora iryo hohotera;
- kwerekana ibyaba ibimenyetso byashingirwaho mu manza.
Ibyo bintu bitatu nibyo urukiko rwerekanye ko ari umwihariko wa mapping report, bityo ruyifata ko “role” ya mapping report itagomba kureberwa mu rwego rw’andi maraporo ya anketi inkiko zikunze kwifashisha mu manza.
Urukiko kandi rwasobanuye ko rwifashishije izindi nyandiko z’umuryango w’abibumbye, nka Raporo y’umunyamabanga mukuru ku butumwa bw’umuryango w’abibumbye muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo “MONUSCO”), ariko kandi urukiko rwerekana ko izo raporo zidatanga amakuru ahagije kubijyanye n’uburyo bwakoreshejwe ku ihohotera ryabaye mu gihe mapping report yo isobanura neza ibyabaye kandi mu bice byinshi kurusha izindi nyandiko zose urukiko rwabashije kubona.
Kuba rero urukiko nka ICJ rw’umuryango w’abibumbye rwakoresha mapping report nk’ikimenyetso kidasanzwe mu rubanza rureba amabi n’ubwicanyi byabereye muri Kongo, ibyo ni intambwe ikomeye itewe mu rugendo rw’abaharanira ko habaho ubutabera butavangura. Leta y’u Rwanda yakunze kugaragaza imvugo nteshagaciro kuri mapping report. Ntawuzibagirwa ibyo Karega Vincent, uhagarariye u Rwanda muri Kongo yavuze yerekana ko iyo raporo ari ibipapuro byaheze muri za tiroirs. Uretse ko imvugo yakoresheje ari agashinyaguro n’agasuzuguro gakomeye ku cyubahiro cyagombye kuba gihabwa inzirakarengane zishwe bunyamaswa n’igisirakare cya Leta Karega akorera.
Ntawakwibagirwa amagambo yo gukwena no gutesha agaciro yavuzwe na jenerali Kabarebe ndetse akangisha no guhitana ubuzima bwa Dr Mukwege uharanira ko ibivugwa muri raporo mapping byitabwaho hagashyirwaho inkiko zo guha ubutabera inzirakarengane zose zishwe bunyamaswa n’inyambara zashojwe kuri Kongo. Kagame Pawulo ari mu Bufaransa aherutse kuvuga amagambo y’ubushinyaguzi atesha agaciro iyo raporo ndetse no kwibasira Dr Mukwege ariko ibyo byakurikiwe no kunengwa bikomeye bituma aza kuvuga ko atazongera kugira icyo avuga kuri iyo raporo.
Kuba rero ICJ ifata mapping report nka raporo yizewe kandi yuzuye, bikuyeho impaka zose kubahoraga barwana no kuvuga ko ntacyo imaze. Urubanza rwaciwe na ICJ ni “precedent” ikomeye cyane ndetse izanakoreshwa mu manza mpanabyaha noneho hakurikiranywa abagize uruhare muri ibyo bikorwa byo kuvusha amaraso y’inzirakarengane. Ikindi n’uko, rapport mapping byari byaragoranye ko yageza mu kanama k’umuryango w’ababibumbye kugira ngo yemezwe ndetse habe haba n’ibikorwa byo gushyiraho inzego zigamije gutanga ubutabera hakurikijwe ibyayigaragajwemo. Kugeza ubu hatewe intambwe ikomeye cyane mu rwego rw’amategeko kuko rapport mapping yajya cyangwa ntijwe muri “UN Security Council” (UNSC) agaciro kayo nk’inyandiko yizewe mu mikoresherezwe mu nzego z’ubucamanza ko kamaze kubakwa. Ibi ngibi kandi mu gihe abaharanira ubutabera bakomeza kubikazamo umurego, ni intangiriro nziza zo gukora ubuvugizi mu rwego rwa politiki kugira ngo UNSC ye gukomeza guhumiriza imbere y’ukuri rumwe mu nzego za Loni arirwo ICJ rumaze kugaragaza ko ntagushidikanya kuriho. Ndavuga mapping report, inyandiko ikomeye igaragaza ihohoterwa ndengakamere ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, umuryango mpuzamahanga ukomeje kwirengiza. Urugendo rwo guharanira ubutabera rurakomeje ariko umwe mu misozi yari igoranye umaze guhirima.
