Mu Minsi ishize twakurikiye amakuru yabereye muri Burkinafaso aho abaturage bakoze imyigaragambyo banga ko prezida Blaise Compaoré ahindura constitution ngo yiyongeze indi mandat idahuye na constitution. Nkuko dusanzwe tubizi mu mahame ya demokarasi ngo ubutegetsi ni ubw’abaturage, bugatangwa n’abaturage kandi bugakorera abaturage. Aya ni amahame dusanga ahantu hose mu bihugu byateye imbere muri demokarasi aho abaturage baba bafite uruvugiro mu matora bashyiraho ubutegetsi bubanogeye.
- Muri Afrika se ho byifashe gute?
Muri Afrika leta ziracyakambakamba mu nzego nyinshi kuva ku iterambere kugera kuri demokarasi kubera ko ahanini ari leta zitamaze igihe kinini zivutse zikaba zitararenza imyaka 60 ziriho nyuma yuko zipakuruye ingoma ya gikoroni. Urebye aho ibihugu by’iburayi na Amerika byanyuze ngo byubake demokarasi usanga byarabatwaye imyaka myinshi kandi byaranyuze mu ntambara z’urudaca kandi haramenetse amaraso atagira ingano.
Ku bantu bashyira mu gaciro ubundi ntabwo bagombye kuvuma Afrika ngo yarananiranye ngo demokarasi ntizashoboka muri Afrika kuko nkuko nabivuze haruguru leta za Afrika twazigereranya n’umwana uri gukura utangira akambakamba nuko akaza kwiga kugenda ndetse yakura akanamenya no kwiruka kera yaba umugabo akitunga akanatunga n’abandi. Ugera kuri demokarasi ni processus ndende ntabwo ari igikorwa ukora uyu munsi ngo bucye byarangiye demokarasi yaraye igeze mu gihugu. Aha niho benshi bayobera mu gushaka impinduka ya huti huti idatanga umusaruro.
- Ni izihe processus zaganisha kuri demokarasi muri Afrika ?
Mu by’ukuri nigeze kwandika uri ino ngingo aho nasobanuraga ko kugera kuri demoarasi mu bihugu bya Afrika bisaba processus igomba guca mu nzira enye kugirango demokarasi yubakirwe kuri beton aho kubakirwa ku mucanga. Izo processus ni izi : iya mbere igihugu kigomba kuba gifite umutekano usesuye, iya kabiri ni iterambere ry’ibanze aho abaturage bashobora kwihaza mu biribwa, ntibicwe n’inzara bakohereza abana babo mu mashuri, bakiyubakira inzu nziza, bakagira umurimo uhoraho ubatunze. Iya gatatu ni ukubaka institutions forte. Iyi ya gatatu irakomeye cyane kuko niyo processus ya kane itangiza demokarasi igomba kubakiraho.
Urugero natanga ku bihugu byagiye bikora imyigaragambyo spontané y’abaturage ikuraho ubutegetsi nko muri Egypte, muri Libiya no muri Burkinafaso vuba aha, hose usanga bahurira ku kintu kimwe : Kwubakira demokarasi ku mucanga. Impamvu ibitera ni uko ibyo bihugu bitagize umwanya wo guca muri izo processus eshatu za mbere navuze za ngombwa zisasira demokarasi cyane cyane iya gatatu yo kubaka institutions zikomeye. Niyo mpamvu ubona abaturage binaga mu mihanda barubiye ndetse bariye karungu basaba demokarasi nyuma bamara guhirika umutegetsi ukabona ingabo zibahinduye zero zisubiranye ubutegetsi. Nuko nabo bakazinga amabinga bakisubirira ku kabo.
Ingabo ni imwe muri institution ikomeye cyane ku isi hose. Mu bihugu byateye imbere iyo institution y’abasoda barangije kumvishwa ko bari ingabo z’igihugu kandi ko bativanga muri politiki uko byagenda kwose. Ugiye wese muri iyo institution yigishwa ko mission yabo ya mbere ari ukurinda ubusugire bw’igihugu no kurinda abavukagihugu. Ariko bigerwaho iyo za processus eshatu za mbere navuze zagezweho mu gihugu. Muri Afrika rero kuba tutarazigeraho niyo mpamvu buri gihe ari ngombwa ko ingabo zitabara ngo zikemure iyo vide de pouvoir.
- Vide de pouvoir iterwa ni iki ?
Ahanini vide de pouvoir iterwa nuko nta institutions solide ziba zihari mu gihugu, kandi izo institutions iyo zihari ubundi ziba ziri hejuru y’abantu. Iyozidahari nibwo usanga agakomye kose haba vide de pouvoir kandi nyamara mu mpapuro byose biba biteganyijwe. Urugero natanga ni nka séparation de pouvoir ikomeye hagati y’inzego eshatu (exécutif, législatif et judiciaire). Iyo buri pouvoir ifite ubwigenge buhagije niho usanga iyo habaye ikibazo gikomeye cyangwa impaka zikomeye zirebana nk’urugero nk’iryo hinduka rya constitution rivugisha benshi amangambure, igihugu cyitabaza cour suprême igaca urubanza mu bwigenge nuko ikivuyemo kikemezwa kandi kigafatwa nk’ihame. Kimwe na institution ya armée iba izi ko itivanga muri politiki ko ahubwo akazi kayo ari ukurinda abaturage n’ubusugire bw’igihugu icyo gihe ntibangamira icyemezo cya cours suprême.
- Uretse théorie ukuri nyako ni ukuhe ?
Muri Afrika hari byinshi dukeneye kwiga mbere yo kwinaga muri demokarasi. Icya mbere muri Afrika iyo abantu bagiye mu mihanda bavuga ko bashaka demokarasi hari benshi baba batabyumva kimwe. Bamwe baza mu mihanda ngo nabo babone imbehe ku butegetsi bati natwe dukeneye kurya kuri uwo mugati icyo ni igice cy’abanyamashyaka, abandi baza mu mihanda kwihorera no gusahura no gukora za reglements de comptes bagenda mu kavuyo ngo bikize wa muntu bari barabuze aho bahera, abandi bakaza mu mihanda bafite umutima mwiza bashaka koko changement. Iyo mélange explosive rero ibyara akavuyo gatuma nta suite positive ishoboka kuri za revolution zikorwa muri Afrika bikaba ariyo mpamvu ingabo z’igihugu ziba zikenewe ngo zikumire ndetse zinasubirane ubutegetsi aho kureka ngo igihugu kigwe mu kavuyo na vide de pouvoir kubera abo bantu bose bahurira mu mihanda ariko badahuje gahunda.
- Le cas du Rwanda.
Natanga urugero nko mu Rwanda nko mu gihe cya génocide yakorewe abatutsi muri Avril 94 aho interahamwe n’aba CDR bishe abayobozi bose kugirango bakore iyo vide de pouvoir. Ariko muri iyo vide de pouvoir ingabo zariho ntizafashe responsabilité zo guca akavuyo k’abantu bari mu mihanda bari gutemagura abatutsi n’abandi bahutu batavugaga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana, ahubwo izo ngabo ziyobowe na Bagosora Theoneste zashyizeho abasivili b’agakingirizo badafite ububasha bwo guhagarika ubwicanyi n’akavuyo cyane cyane ko iyo vide de pouvoir aribo bari bayishyizeho bica abayobozi bakuru. Uyu munsi mu Rwanda hagize abakora imyigaragambyo barimo biriya bice bitatu navuze haruguru bagateza akavuyo mu gihugu birumvikana ko ingabo z’igihugu zakwihutira kugarura umutekano no gukumira abashaka guteza akavuyo.
Impamvu nyamukuru ituma mvuga ibyo ni uko uyu munsi abanyarwanda tutari twarebera hamwe ibikenerwa ngo twubake demokarasi yubakiye kuri beton itubakiye ku mucanga. Abanyamashyaka baravuga bati turashaka demokarasi ariko ugasanga hagati yabo nta demokarasi bifitemo ahubwo bacagagurana, wareba institutions zikomeye tugomba kubakiraho demokarasi ngo ikomere ugasanga uyu munsi mu Rwanda zicyubakwa ariko zitarashinga imizi, ikindi wareba abaturage ugasanga batarigishwa neza ko demokarasi itanye no gukemura ibibazo ufitanye na mugenzi wawe umutemagura cyangwa ukora reglements de comptes, ikindi gikomeye ni ikibazo cy’amoko aho abantu benshi bitiranye ubutegetsi n’ubwoko runaka bityo gukuraho ubutegetsi mu mitwe ya bamwe bikaba bivuga kurimbura ubwo bwoko. Izi zose ni handicap nakwita inzitizi zigomba gukosorwa mbere yo kurota demokarasi imeze nkiyo tubona muri occident.
Ibi byose ariko twese tuba tubizi ndetse n’abazungu baba babizi kandi bazi ko ariho bazaduhera ngo bashwanyaguze Afrika. Kuko iyo melange explosive mvuze haruguru y’ibice by’abanyarwanda badatekereza kimwe demokarasi, abazungu niyo baheraho ngo baturyanishe. Muri 94 kuba bataratabaye ni uko aribo bari badushumitseho umuriro, kandi no muri iyi minsi bari kudushumikaho undi muriro benshi batabona kandi uwo muriro uragurumana. Urugero umuzungu araza akavuga ati abatutsi mwarashize rwose interahamwe tuzifunge Arusha nuko abatutsi bakishima. Burya umuzungu afite umwanya we uhagije naho byamara imyaka igihumbi aba yabaze aho azahera asenya Afrika. ubwo umuzungu akagaruka ati noneho BBC vuga ko abahutu aribo bashize kurenza abatutsi nuko abahutu bakishima. Igitego aba atsinze umuzungu ni uko aba amaze kurundanya ibyangombwa byose ubundiagasigara ategereje ko haboneka imbarutso yatsa umuriro. Icy’ingenzi ku muzungu ni ugutegura mu mitwe (mind control) ibisigaye birikora. Uyu munsi umuzungu arategura mind control y’abanyarwanda abyinisha muzunga abahutu n’abatutsi yogeza umwe agaca inyuma akogeza undi nuko twe tugakoma amashyi. Igisigaye kiba ari kimwe iyo mind control yarangiye: Nuko igihugu cyongera kigacura imiborogo, tugasubiranamo, tukicana, imivu y’amaraso igatemba.
- U Rwanda rutanye na Burkinafaso
Natangiye mvuga muri titre ko u Rwanda rutanye na Burkinafaso. Kuko amateka yacu ibyo yaducishijemo ni ibigeragezo bikomeye. Nta gihugu na kimwe cya Afrika cyanyuze mu mateka nk’ayacu. Rero abantu bumva ko tugomba kugira solution zimeze nk’iza Burkinafaso na za Egypte na Libiya ntabwo bareba kure. Byonyine reba Burkinafaso uko imyigaragambyo yagenze ubare abantu bayiguyemo urumirwa, Ntibarenze icumi. Fata iriya myigarambyo uyizane mu Rwanda ushobora kubarura intumbi ibihumbi mirongo itanu mu cyumweru kimwe. Ibi si amakabyankuru kuko no muri genocide yakorewe abatutsi hapfaga abatutsi bagera kuri 10.000 ku munsi.
Ikibazo nyamukuru kandi abashaka impinduka bose bagomba kwitondera ni kimwe : Ikibazo cy’amoko. Iki kibazo giteye inkeke ku buryo umunyarwanda wese (uwize n’utarize) iyo arebye ubutegetsi buriho byanze bikunze abwitirira ubwoko runaka. Ku ngoma ya cyami ubutegetsi bwitwaga ubw’abatutsi, ku ngoma ya Kayibanda ubutegetsi bwitwaga ubw’abahutu, ku ngoma ya Habyarimana ubutegetsi bwitwaga ubw’abahutu naho uyu munsi ku ngoma ya Kagame ubutegetsi buritwa ubw’abatutsi. Mwisuzumye mwese mwasanga abanyarwanda babyumva gutya ari bangahe ku ijana ? Aho ikibazo kiri rero muri iyi myumvire y’abanyarwanda (niho dutanira n’ibindi bihugu bya Afrika bigira amoko magana nizo za Burkinafaso n’ibindi bihugu bya Afrika) ni uko iyo myigaragambyo ishaka guhirika ubutegetsi iwacu mu Rwanda iteka igenda ifata isura nko gushaka kurandura ubwoko bwitiranywa n’ubwo butegetsi cyangwa kwitiranya abakurwanya n’ubwoko runaka.
- Conclusion
Ku bwanjye abanyarwanda dukeneye kwicara hamwe tugatekereza uko twazubaka igihugu cyacu nta yandi maraso yongeye kumeneka kuko ayamenetse ni menshi kandi abanyarwanda bose byabagezeho ku buryo butandukanye, niyo mpamvu dukeneye gushyiraho akanama k’impuguke gahuriyeho n’abantu bo mu ngeri zose kandi badahuje imyumvire nuko tukagaha rugari n’ubwigenge busesuye kakatwigira uko u Rwanda rwasohoka muri izi nkubiri zibasiye Afrika nta maraso adutarukiye. Icya mbere cyo kwiga ni ukuntu igihugu cyaca muri izo processus enye navuze (banyunganira bakongeramo ibitekerezo) kuburyo tugera kuri demokarasi isesuye abantu barigishijwe bazi ko igikenewe mu kuyobora igihugu ari majorité y’ibitekerezo kandi ko itanye na majorité ethnique.
Ikindi navuga ni uko abavuga ko no mu Rwanda abantu bari bakwiriye kwirukira mu mihanda ngo bakore nko muri Burkinafaso ni ukuyoba cyane. Naberetse ko amateka yaranze u Rwanda mu myaka yashize nta kindi gihugu na kimwe cya Afrika cyayanyuzemo. U rwanda rero rukeneye innovation mu gushaka ibisubizo nta mpamvu yo guca mu kavuyo k’imyigaragambyo gashobora kwongera kutugarura mu mivu y’amaraso. Ese abasaba iyo myigaragambyo biyicariye i Burayi ubu ntibabona ko bishobora kudusubiza muri 94 ? Niba basubiza ko mubazapfa bo bazaba badahari bibereye hanze y’igihugu ubwo ntibyaba ari ugukunda igihugu byaba ari ibindi (immaturité politique).
Nkuko nabisobanuye hejuru mu Rwanda dukeneye solution zijyanye n’ibibazo twanyuzemo. Gushaka guca iy’ubusamo ni ukwicisha nkana abanyarwanda kuko bazasubiranamo bitiranya ubutegetsi n’ubwoko tugasubira mu byaturimbuye. Ahubwo ku bwanjye nshigikiye ko hashyirwaho ako kanama k’impuguke kagizwe n’abantu b’ingeri zose kandi batavuga rumwe nuko bicare batekereze neza direction u Rwanda rwacamo rutongeye kumena indi mivu y’amaraso nkiyo twabonye. Kandi u Rwanda ntirukeneye guca inzira ibindi bihugu bya Afrika binyuramo kuko tudahuje amateka. Ese koko dushubije amaso inyuma ubu koko abo twapfushije (buri wese arebe abo yatakakaje) dukeneye kubongeraho abandi ? cyangwa twicare tuganire inzira iduha amahoro twese abayobozi n’abayoborwa ndetse n’abapinga.
Muhorane Imana.
ALAIN PATRICK NDENGERA a.k.a TITO KAYIJAMAHE (Libre penseur)
