Nyuma y’aho urubuga The Rwandan ruboneye amakuru y’uko hari bombori bombori mu mabanki yo mu Rwanda iterwa na Leta, ndetse hakaba n’igikorwa cyo guhuza ibigo bimwe na bimwe bya Leta nacyo cyabayemo urujijo rwinshi, twitabaje Bwana Peter Urayeneza akaba impuguke mu by’ubukungu ukunda gakurikiranira hafi ibikorwa bijyanye n’ubukungu mu Rwanda no mu mahanga.
Twumvise ko muri iyi minsi mbese nko mu ntangiriro z’ukwezi kwa Nzeli 2012 hari ikibazo cyo gutanga inguzanyo mu mabanki yo mu Rwanda kandi n’izitanzwe zikaba nkeya. Ese byaba biterwa n’iki? Hari ikindi kibazo kijyanye n’uko Leta irimo gukura amafaranga yayo mu mabanki byo wagira icyo ubitubwiraho?
Murakoze munyamakuru kubaza iki kibazo cyiza cyane. Mu by’ukuri niba kuva mu kwezi kwa Nzeri 2012 hari ikibazo cyo gutanga inguzanyo mu mabanki yo mu Rwanda, iki kibazo kiragutse cyane akaba ari nayo mpamvu cyasubizwa mu byiciro bitatu:
-Icya mbere, niba amafaranga yagurizwaga abanyarwanda yaragabanyutse, ibi byaterwa n’uko wenda kugeza ubu nta mafaranga abitswa mu mabanki ni ukuvuga dépôts (épargne à moyen et à long terme) amabanki afite ayemerera gutanga izo nguzanyo nyine. Uko kugabanyuka kw’amafaranga abitswa mu mabanki (dépôts) rero mu Rwanda nako kukaba guterwa n’izamuka ry’ibiciro ku isoko. Ibyo biciro bihanitse rero nabyo bituma abaturage bagabanya ibyo bari bakeneye kubera ko bahendwa (diminution de la demande des biens et services). Aha wakwibaza uti ni gute izamuka ry’ibiciro bituma dépôts z’amafaranga zigabanyuka ? Aha byasobanuka neza nabyo bisobanuwe mu buryo bubiri (deux théories fondamentales):
a) Tewori ishingiye ku bukungu yakozwe n’umugabo witwa Pigou (effet de la richesse de Pigou) igaragaza ko iyo ibiciro ku isoko bigabanyutse, agaciro k’amafaranga y’abaturage kariyongera ibyo bikongera uburyo bagura ibintu muri rusange (consommation globale). Ibi twabihuza wenda na situation yariho kera ubwo ifaranga ry’umuturage ryabaga rifite agaciro cyane ku isoko ndetse na nyuma y’intambara byarakomeje ho gatoya byaje gusenyuka muri iyi myaka ya nyuma;
b) Igitekerezo cya kabiri ni icyatanzwe n’umugabo witwa KEYNES asobanura ibyerekeranye n’urwunguko (effet du taux d’interet de Keynes). We agira ati iyo ibiciro bigabanyutse ku isoko, abaturage bakenera amafaranga make mu mifuko yabo yo kugura ibintu mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi, ikindi gice bakagishyira mu ma banki bakabitsa (épargne). Ibyo bituma urwunguko (taux d’intérêt) igabanyuka, ibyo nabyo bigatuma ishoramari ryiyongera, ndetse na demande globale ikazamuka muri rusange. Ibi rero bihabanye cyangwa bitandukanye cyane n’ibibera mu Rwanda. Mu Rwanda ubuzima burahenze cyane bikabije ku buryo umuturage na duke ahembwa tutabasha kumuhaza ngo abe yanabona n’ utwo yizigamira. Ibi rero ninabyo bitera ko ishoramari mu Rwanda rifitwe n’abantu mbarwa barangajwe imbere n’abari mu butegetsi hejuru cyangwa abafatanyije na FPR ariko bikubiye muri société yitwa cristal ventures;
Icya kabiri, niba inguzanyo zaragabanyutse byaterwa n’uko Banki nkuru y’igihugu yaba ishaka kugabanya amafaranga ari kugenda mu baturage kugirango bidatera izamuka ry’ibiciro ku ma soko muri rusange (inflation monétaire). Aha rero umuntu yakwibaza ati se ahubwo ibiciro ku masoko yo mu Rwanda bihagaze bite? Muri rusange byarazamutse cyane ku buryo bukabije kandi cyane cyane ku bintu by’ibanze nk’ibyo kurya, kunywa, kwambara, icumbi, ndetse n’ibindi… Ibi kandi byongeyeho y’uko umukire n’umukene bahurira ku isoko rimwe, wa mukene akahagwa birumvikana. Ibi bikerekana ko politiki z’ubukungu muri rusange zidahagaze neza mu Rwanda na gato.
Icya gatatu, ni uko wenda amabanki yaba yaragabanyije inguzanyo (crédits) yatanganga abyumvikanyeho na Banki Nkuru y’ U Rwanda (BNR) mu rwego rwo kugabanya gukurura za projets za rutura (nini cyane). Ibyo nabyo bikunze gukorwa muri urwo rwego akaba ari nabyo abahanga bita « la politique de discrimination par le taux d’interet » . Iyi politiki ituma abasaba inguzanyo barimo babandi bafite udushinga dutoya tutanafite risque nini batabona inguzanyo ahubwo zikabona babandi bafite ibishinga binini cyane kandi bifite risque. Ariko kubera ko taux d’intérêt banki iba isaba ba nyiri ibishinga binini ntacyo biba bibabwiye bo bemera gufata inguzanyo n’ubwo iba ihenze. Ibi rero nabyo ubisanga mu Rwanda kuko abaturage bose siko bafite ubushobozi byo gufata inguzanyo mu mabanki ubwo zikiherwa ba nyakubahwa kuko baba bisanga muri za banki basanzwe n’ubundi banafitemo imigabane cyangwa ifitwemo na FPR. Urugero : Banki ya Kigali (BK), etc…
Mu gusubiza akabazo gato ka gatatu k’iki kibazo cya mbere, U Rwanda rugomba gukura amafaranga yarwo mu mabanki amwe n’amwe birumvikana. Impamvu ni nyinshi. Ushingiye kuri raporo ya ONU iherutse gusohoka, ubu URwanda ruri mu ntambara muri Congo, iyo ni impamvu ya mbere. Iya kabiri ubu U Rwanda ruri kuri embargo isa n’aho itoroshye kubera iriya ntambara u Rwanda bivugwa ko rushyigikiyemo umutwe wa M23. Guhagarikirwa inkunga ku gihugu nk’U Rwanda cyari gitunzwe nazo kurusha ibindi bihugu by’Afurika, birumvikana ko rugomba gutangira gukoresha uduke bari barizigamiye.
Muri iyi minsi hari ikibazo cy’amadevize gitangiye kwigaragaza ku buryo n’ifaranga ry’u Rwanda rishobora kuhazaharira, icyo kibazo mubona kimeze gute?
U Rwanda rubona amadevise mu nzira ebyiri ; imfashanyo ziva hanze ndetse n’ava mu byo U Rwanda rucuruje ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Amafaranga ava hanze ni menshi cyane kuruta ava k’ubyo u Rwanda rucuruza hanze. Byongeye kandi U Rwanda ibyo rutumiza hanze (importations) ni byinshi cyane ngirango ubu bikubye inshuro ebyiri ibyo rwohereza hanze. None se niba hari amafaranga y’amadevise menshi twabonaga ava hanze akaba yahagaze kandi tukaba dusa nabatunzwe no guhaha hanze urumva byagenda gute ? Ifaranga rizahazaharira cyane bikomeye kuko imbere mu gihugu n’umusaruro ni mukeya cyane.
Mu minsi ishize habayeho ibintu bimeze nk’ivugurura ry’inzego aho hagiye hahuzwa ibigo bimwe na bimwe. Hari abavuga ko harimo byinshi byakozwe muri icyo gikorwa birimo urujijo mwagira icyo mubitubwiraho?
Murakoze munyamakuru. Iki kibazo ni cyiza cyane. Ubundi ivugururwa ry’inzego (institutional reforms) zikorwa cyane cyane hagendewe ku mpamvu eshatu arizo: Kugira umurimo unoze kandi ufite inyungu, korohereza abaturage kubonera services hamwe kandi ku buryo bworoshye ndetse no kugabanya ibitangwa (dépenses). Ibi byose rero iyo ubyitegereje mu Rwanda usanga bitaragezweho kandi ayo mavugurura yarakozwe. Reka nguhe ingero zinyuranye.
Fata ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe iterambere (Rwanda Development Board (RDB) yakozwe hamaze guhuzwa ibigo bigera ku icyenda (9). Ubu Rwanda Development Board (RDB) ni ikigo kirangwa n’akajagari karenze ukwemera mu Rwanda. Ni gute wavanga ubukerarugendo ndetse na privatization cyangwa kwandikisha société y’ubucuruzi? Ibyo bintu urumva hari aho bihuriye yaba mu miterere ndetse n’imikorere?
Reba imivangire ya Caisse sociale na RAMA(La Rwandaise d’Assurance Maladie). Ibi ni ibigo bibiri bifite inshingano zitandukanye cyane rwose. Kimwe kibitse amafaranga y’abanyarwanda (ubwiteganyirize) ikindi nacyo gikoresha imisanzu y’abakozi ba Leta kugirango bajye bivuza (iyo ni assurance maladie). Ahubwo se RAMA (La Rwandaise d’Assurance Maladie) yavanzwe na CSR(Caisse Sociale du Rwanda) byavanzwe ariko ababitangamo amafaranga ari bamwe ? RAMA(La Rwandaise d’Assurance Maladie) ishyirwamo amafaranga n’abakozi ba Leta gusa naho CSR (Caisse Sociale du Rwanda) ni buri wese ufite umukoresha yaba umukozi wa Leta ndetse n’uwikorera ku giti cye? Ahubwo se kuki RAMA(La Rwandaise d’Assurance Maladie) itavanzwe na Military Medical Insurance (MMI) kandi ko aribyo bifite inshingano zimwe kandi zisa ? Bitabaye ibyo kuki se MMI (Military Medical Insurance) yo itometswe kuri CSR (Caisse Sociale du Rwanda) ndetse na RAMA (La Rwandaise d’Assurance Maladie)?
Reba Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB) yahuje ISAR (Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda), RADA (Rwanda Agricultural Development Authority) ndetse na RARDA (Rwanda Animal Resources Development Authority), ni gute wahuza ibigo nk’ibi binini ukanabivana aho byakoreraga mu mazu ya Leta ukabikodeshereza étage y’umuntu ku giti cye (Nkubiri Alfred), ese uko guhuzwa ni bwo ufashije Leta kugabanya ibyatangwaga yaba ku bakozi (dore ko bifite aba directors benshi kandi bagenerwa ibya mirenge), ndetse n’ibindi nibindi?
N’ibindi n’ibindi birimo za NAEB (National Agriculture Export Board), Rwanda Medical Board usanga ikigamijwe atari ziriya mpamvu twavuze haruguru ahubwo ari izindi nyungu runaka zitemba zigana mu mifuka y’abategetsi bo hejuru. Murakoze.
Ubwanditsi
