Kuva mu Rwanda kugera muri Zayire: MSF umuhamya w’ihohoterwa rikabije.
Mu gitabo cye, “Traversée. Une odyssée au cœur de l’Afrique”, ducishirije mu Kinyarwanda ni. “Kwambukiranya. Urugendo rwagati muri Afurika”, Patrick de Saint-Exupéry arashidikanya ku kuri ku bijyanye no guhiga no kwica impunzi z’u Rwanda (Abahutu), zihunga ingabo z’u Rwanda z’icyo gihe (APR/RPA) n’abo zari zifatanyije nabo muri Kongo mu 1996 -97. Igikorwa cye, kigamije gutesha agaciro mu buryo bwa gihanga- nk’amaperereza yakozwe n’itsinda rya Mapping Report (Kamena 2009, Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru w’Umuryango w’Abibumbye bishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, impapuro 1143), utaretse ayakozwe n’imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu kimwe n’ay’abanyamakuru benshi b’icyo gihe – ntiribabarira MSF, amakipe yayo yaje gufasha izo mpunzi muri 1996-97.
Nyamara umuryango wa MSF, umutangabuhamya wa mbere w’itsembabwoko ryakorewe abaturage b’Abatutsi mu Rwanda, ni umwe na none mu mashyirahamwe afite ubuhamya bw’ihohoterwa rikabije ryakozwe n’ubutegetsi bushya bw’u Rwanda muri Zayire/Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo mu 1996 na 1997, burikorera abaturage bagizwe na bitatu bya kane by’abagore n’abana.
Nubwo iki gitabo cyasesenguwe n’abanyamuryango ba MSF, gukoresha mu kugoreka bimwe mu biri mu bubiko bwacu, umwanditsi akagera ubwo ashinja gukora ikinamico no kubeshya nkana, ngo bya bamwe mu banyamuryango bacu, birasa naho bitwemerera gutanga igisubizo cyihariye kandi kirambuye.
Patrick de Saint-Exupéry yakuye inkomoko y’ibyo yanditse cyane cyane mu bushakashatsi bubiri bwakozwe na MSF, buboneka ku rubuga rwayo rusurwa nta kiguzi, bujyanye n’amahitamo akomeye ku birebana n’imikorere ndetse n’itumanaho rusange by’umuryango mu bihe bibiri by’amage akomeye:
“Inkambi z’impunzi z’u Rwanda Zayire-Tanzaniya 1994-1995”
“Guhiga no kwica impunzi z’u Rwanda muri Zayire-Kongo 1996-1997”
Amenshi mu magambo yakuwe muri izo nyandiko akoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye n’uko yakoreshejwe, uburyo budasobanutse neza kugira ngo umwanditsi yemeze igitekerezo cye aricyo: umuryango MSF, cyane cyane ishami ry’Abafaransa wakoreshejwe nk’igikoresho cya dipolomasi, wafashe umurongo “n’ingufu nyinshi wo kwamagana” ubuyobozi bushya bw’u Rwanda, kugira ngo _” ishimangire ubuyobozi bwayo kuri uwo muryango”, bityo ikaba yarahimbanye ubugome ibyaha bitabaho.
Ubushakashatsi bukubiye mu cyegeranyo ” Imbwirwaruhame za MSF” ni rusange kandi butanga uburyo bwo kugera mu bubiko bwinshi, bushyinguyemo impaka zikaze, byanze bikunze, zavutse muri MSF muri ibyo bihe bikomeye.
Nk’urugero, Laurence Binet, wanditse imitumba ibiri yavuzwe haruguru, aha abasomyi inyandiko zivuga urwego impaka, ibiganiro byabayemo n’imyanzuro yafashwe.
Patrick de Saint-Exupéry rimwe na rimwe yafashe ibice byanditse akabihagika hagati mu byitonderwa cyangwa amagambo yasubiwemo bityo bikagira ibisobanuro bitari bifite mbere. Ubundi akanga kuvuga amakuru avuguruza kubogama kwe. Bityo imikoreshereze y’ayo magambo rero yakuye mu bubiko ugasanga inyuranyije n’amahame uwanyanditse yagendeyeho.
Nko ku rupapuro rwa 183, umunyamakuru abyutsa ibirego Jean-Christophe Rufin yashinjaga Jean-Hervé Bradol, ariko ntiyigeze avuga igisubizo cyatanzwe n’uyu, nyamara gikurikirana neza n’ibyo birego muri iyo nyandiko y’ubushakashatsi yatangajwe, yifashisha. Yakomeje (urupapuro rwa 233), afata imvugo “politiki yo gusesa burundu” yo mu itangazo rigenewe abanyamakuru ryashyizwe ahagaragara na MSF n’Ubufaransa ku ya 26 Mata 1997, bityo avuga ko MSF ishyigikiye igitekerezo cya jenoside ebyiri. Nyamara iki gitekerezo cyari gifitwe n’itsinda rito ry’abanyapolitiki n’abahanga ba za kaminuza. Ntabwo byigeze biba ko umuntu uvuga mu izina rya MSF avuga kuri jenoside ebyiri.
Ahandi (urupapuro 251), Umwanditsi yanditse : “Mu 1997, iyi nzira yiswe “umurombero w’urupfu’: ‘ Ubundu Kisangani: urupfiro rwo ku marayirayi'”. Nyamara niba ijambo “urupfiro” ryahura n’ukuri kw’impfu zagaragariye n’abanyamuryango b’amakipe ya MSF, icyo gihe yakoraga muri kariya karere, ikaba yarakuwe ku mutwe umwe w’igika cy’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe, ijambo “umurombero w’urupfu” nta na hamwe ryakoreshejwe. Byongeye kandi, mu gihe nk’uko abibona, ubwo buhamya bukomoka ku makabyankuru ya MSF y’Ubufaransa bugamije “kongera kugarura ubuyobozi bw’amateka muri uyu muryango mu gufata umwanya uhamye” (urupapuro 252), ukuri kugaragara ni uko n’abandi bakozi ba MSF, mu mashami y’Ububiligi n’Ubuholandi nayo yashyigikiye ibyagaragajwe mu bice byinshi by’ubushakashatsi. Birumvikana ko habaye impaka n’ubwumvikane buke hagati y’amashami ya MSF byerekeranye n’uburyo bwo gutangaza ibintu mu ruhame ariko nta mpaka zigeze ziba zerekeranye n’iri hohoterwa n’ibyaha bikorewe abantu benshi.
Byongeye na none (ku rupapuro rwa 249), umwanditsi avuga kuri Marleen Monteyne, umuganga wagarutse avuye mu butumwa bwe, avuga ko nta kimenyetso na kimwe kigaragaza ko hari uwagize icyo avuga mu gihe yavugaga ko “abasirikare b’u Rwanda barimo bica impunzi ”. Umusomyi wa “La Traversée”, ntazigera amenya ko mu nkuru iri mu kinyamakuru cy’imbere cya MSF, Messages, nacyo cyatanzwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe, Marleen Monteyne yanditse ku rundi ruhande: “Ni ngombwa gutinyuka gutanga ubuhamya, kwamagana no kwemera ingaruka, aho kuguma hamwe, nta gikorwa ahubwo hariho kurebera ubwicanyi cyangwa kujya kubara imirambo”.
Reka turangize uru rutonde rw’ibinyoma. tuvuga ku ikoreshwa ririmo kubeshya ry’amagambo (urupapuro rwa 251) ya Samantha Bolton, umuyobozi ushinzwe itumanaho muri MSF y’Amerika, ngo waba warahangayikishijwe, nk’uko umwanditsi abivuga, n’itumanaho ridafite ishingiro. Nyamara ahubwo, nta gushidikanya na busa ku kuri ku bwicanyi, nk’ushinzwe itumanaho, amaze kubona kutavuga rumwe ku mibare y’abishwe mu mpunzi z’Abahutu mu nkambi za Zayire zari zatereranywe nta bufasha na busa, mu mpera ya 1996 n’intangiro ya 1997, yakanguriye abantu mu gushyira ubushishozi mu kwamagana ubwicanyi.
Muri rusange, umusomyi w’uyu mwanditsi, ntazigera amenya ibintu bigaragara mu bushakashatsi bwa Laurence Binet bwerekana, nta gushidikanya ko habaye ubwicanyi – nka raporo z’amakipe ya MSF i Chimanga, Shabunda na Masisi. I Shabunda, abasirikare bo mu ngabo z’u Rwanda z’icyo gihe (APR/RPA) bicaga impunzi zabaga zasohotse mu mashyamba y’inzitane zibitewe n’uko hari imiryango mpuzamahanga iri hafi aho. Ibihumbi n’ibihumbi by’abasivili baguye muri uyu mutego w’urupfu. Iki gice, kimwe mu biteye ubwoba mu mateka y’ubutabazi bwa none, ntabwo cyashishikaje umwanditsi.
Patrick de Saint-Exupéry ntiyigeze ahangayikishwa no kuganira n’abantu arimo kuvuga hano, cyangwa kureba inkomoko y’ibyo yandila: yagiye afatafata mu nyandiko yakozwe kugira ngo yerekane uburyo guhitamo biba ari ingorabahizi, mu bihe biromo ihohoterwa n’urugomo bikabije.
Mu gitabo cye, Patrick de Saint-Exupéry ajugunya mu myanda, atesha agaciro cyangwa yirengagiza ibintu byose byerekana uruhare rw’ingabo z’u Rwanda z’icyo gihe (APR/RPA) n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo b’Abanyekongo mu iyicwa ry’impunzi z’u Rwanda muri Zayire/Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, ahubwo we ahitamo gukoresha ubuhamya buke cyane yagiye atoragura hirya no hino nabwo akurikije inyurabwenge ritigeze rimenyekana.
Ku bireabana na MSF, iryo goreka ry’ukuri yarikoze agendeye ku rusobe rwo guhindura ibyabaye ndetse n’ibyanditse, umusomyi uwo ariwe wese wa ya mitumba y’inyandiko twavuze haruguru, yakwibonera. Kuko MSF ntabwo itanga ibimenyetso nk’uko bikorwa mu nkiko, ahubwo ikora ikusanya ry’inkuru, ubuhamya n’amaraporo, byaba urufatiro rukomeye rwo kuganira ku ihohoterwa impunzi z’abahutu b’abanyarwanda bakorewe.
Mu guhirimbanira kugaragaza ko nta jenoside ya kabiri yabaye, Patrick de Saint-Exupéry agera aho agahakana ibyanditswe bifitiwe gihamya nyazo, harimo n’ibyakozwe n’amakipe ya MSF: ubwicanyi bw’abasivili, abagore n’abana, ku rwego rwo hejuru, bwakorewe muri Zaire/Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, bukozwe n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro kandi igenzurwa n’abasirikare b’ubutegetsi bushya bw’u Rwanda.
Gukomeza kwibuka abazize Jenoside y’Abatutsi mu 1994 ni ikintu cya muntu na politiki gikenewe, nk’uko byemewe kandi ari ngombwa gukora iperereza ku ruhare Ubufaransa n’abandi bagize muri ayo makuba. Ariko biragaragara ko mu bushake bwe bwo guhangana n’abashinzwe politiki y’Ubufaransa muri Afurika y’ibiyaga bigari mu gihe cya jenoside, Patrick de Saint-Exupéry ahanagura ibimenyetso by’ubwicanyi bw’ibihumbi n’ibihumbi by’abantu. Ntawabura guhangayikishwa n’igishyika iki gitabo cye cyakiranywe.
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