Yanditswe Valentin Akayezu
Kubera imiterere n’imikorere bya sosiyete Nyarwanda, benshi mu basoma umutwe w’inyandiko ntibabura kwikanga bibaza impamvu nahitamo gutanga igitekerezo gishingiye ku bwoko, yewe gisa n’ikigambiriye gushimagiza uruhande runaka mu byo Abanyarwanda bibonamo ko baherereyemo. Nyamara mu myaka 28 yose, FPR imaze yicaye ku ntebe y’ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda, yakujije ikinyoma cy’imyumvire y’uko ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda aribwo bushyizwe imbere ndetse inaheraho icura igihimbano cyiswe “Ndumunyarwanda”, aho FPR ibeshya abanyarwanda ko nta bwoko buriho mu gihugu, ubunyarwanda aribwo bushyizwe imbere, nyamara muri iyo nyandiko ubwayo, bakagaruka bikoreza igice kimwe cy’Abanyarwanda, urusyo rw’ibibazo by’amacakubiri, ndetse icyo gice cy’abanyarwanda kikaba cyarasizwe ubusembwa bw’iteka ryose bw’amaraso, bityo ngo kugira ngo abagikomokaho babashe kubaho, bagomba kubanza kwatura ko bavuka ari babi, bagakura ari babi, bagasaza ari babi, kubaho mu gihugu, akaba ari impuhwe bagirirwa niyo FPR kandi bagomba no kwibagirwa kubaza uburenganzira bwose umunyagihugu yemerewe. Ibi mvuga, si umugani, disikuru politiki ya FPR nzagarukaho vuba hamwe n’ibinyemetso bibigaragaza.
Mu mvugo ya buri mutegetsi wa FPR, ayo magambo yo kuninura no kunnyega abo Banyarwanda batifuzwa, ntasiba kumvikanamo. Izi nyandiko rero zigamije kwerekana uburyo, Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda bwahindutse umuziro mu mitegekere ya FPR. Uyu munsi, inyandiko iribanda ku bugome bukorerwa amateka y’umuryango w’Abatutsi, hanyuma inyandiko izakurikiraho, izibanda ku bugome bw’ipfobya rikorerwa ubwoko bw’Abahutu. Kubakurikira ibyo abidishyi ba FPR bakunze kwandika basubiza ku nyandiko cyangwa ibitekerezo bitangwa ku bugome n’ivangura FPR ikomeje kwimika, bazumva bavuga ibibi by’ingoma zabanjirije FPR. Ariko, nta rwitwazo rwo gukora nabi rugomba guhabwa ishingiro. Ibyo abandi bananiwe gukora, ntabwo bigomba guha FPR umwanya wo gukomeza konona igihugu n’imibanire y’abanyarwanda yitwaje ko abo yasimbuye nabo bakoze nabi.
Tugaruke ku mutwe w’iyi nkuru, igamije kureba uburyo “resistance Tutsi”, yagombye kuba umurage w’igihugu ariko FPR ikaba itabikozwa. Muri kimwe mu biganiro, Marie-Roger Biloa, umunyamakurukazi w’ikirangirire ufite inkomoko muri Kameruni, yagiranye na FRANCE24 mu myaka igera nko ku icumi ishize, yakoresheje amagambo, ngenekereza mu Kinyarwanda, agira ati: “niba Abanyafurika bashaka gutera imbere, nabagira inama yo kwigira ku Batutsi bo mu Rwanda, bakareba uburyo abo baturage b’Abatutsi bashoboye kwishyira hamwe, bagahuza imbaraga z’ibitekerezo, amafaranga n’ibindi, maze nyuma y’imyaka 30 bakabasha kugaruka mu gihugu cyabo aribo babigizemo uruhare mbere yo guhabwa ubufasha n’abandi.” Ku bwa Marie-Roger Biloa, iyo ‘model of resistance’ y’abo Baturage b’Abatutsi, yaba urugero rwiza rwo gusobanukirwa ko Abanyafurika bifitemo ubushobozi (babishatse) bwo kwegeranya imbaraga zabo, bakikemurira ibibazo byabo ntawundi ubyivanzemo.
Ariko se nk’uko uyu munyamakuru yabigaragaje, ubwo bushobozi bwaba ari umwihariko w’inyoko Tutsi gusa koko? Kuri jyewe igisubizo ni oya kandi hari ingero zo gufatiraho. Ubundi buri kiremwa cyose iyo kimaze kubona ko cyegereza aho ubuzima cyangwa imibereho yacyo ishobora kuzimangana, gikoresha uburyo bwose ko cyishyirireho “mechanisms of survival”. Ibyo nibyo byabaye ku Batutsi b’Abanyarwanda, aho ishema ry’ubwoko bwabo ryarimo rikendera, ariko imbaraga bakoresheje mu bwitange bukomeye, bashoboye kugaruza ako gaciro katarazimira. Ariko ntitwibigirwe ko n’Abahutu b’Abanyarwanda banyuze muri urwo rugendo mu myaka ya za 1950s. Nubwo ubutegetsi bwa FPR budashaka ko amateka y’uburyo Abahutu babashije kwikiza imitegekere ngome y’ingoma nyiginya avugwa, ariko inyandiko z’abahanga mu mateka y’icyo gihe gihe, zigaragaza ko Abahutu bake cyane babashije gukora “mobilization” icecetse ariko itanga umusaruro mu buryo abategetsi ba Runari batari biteguye.
Ntawari kwiyumvisha, uburyo propaganda yo kuvuga ko Rubanda rwose ari urw’umwami, yari ifite imbaraga, ariko Abapermehutu bacye, badafite imbaraga na nkeya, ndetse nta n’ubutunzi bafite, babashije gukora impinduka, bagatsindura imitegekere yari yarashinze imizi kuva mu gihe cy’imyaka 400. Urundi rugero twatanga, ni Abahutu b’Iburundi bahejwe imyaka n’imyaka ku gihugu cyabo, ariko bakabasha bucece kunga ubumwe no guhuza imbaraga kugeza barimbuye ubutegetsi bukomeye bw’abanyakazu bakomoka mu ntara ya Bururi. Hafi aha, ntawutabona uburyo Abanyamurenge bakomeje kurwana ku muryango wabo ukomeje kwibasirwa n’imitwe itandukanye y’abicanyi irimo na FPR ubwayo. Si amabarankuru ko FPR yashatse gucengera umuryango mugari w’Abanyamurenge ngo bawugire igikoresho, ariko bikananirana. Iyo niyo mvano yo kurema imitwe itandukanye yo kwibasira ubwo bwoko budasiba kwicwa. Abanyamurenge ubwabo basobanura uburyo FPR ubwayo yagiye irema imitwe itandukanye y’Abamayimayi, za RedTabara, Gumino n’indi igamije kurimbura ubwoko bw’Abanyamurenge bazira gusa ko banze kuba ibikoresho byayo mu guteza akajagari muri Kongo. Izi ngero zitanzwe, zari zigamije kugaragaza ko umurage w’ubutwari, atari kamara ku bwoko runaka.
Kuberi iki FPR ibangamiwe n’ubutwari umuryango Tutsi wagaragaweho, ikaba ibihindura umuziro icyi gihe?
Kubasha guhuza imbaraga kw’Abatutsi b’imihanda yose, bakishyira hamwe mu buryo bwa politiki, mu birebana n’umuco hashyirwaho amatsinda arebana no gushyigikira umuco, gushyiraho impuzamashyirahamwe za gisivili, inzego z’ubuvugizi zitandukanye, gushyira imbaraga zikomeye mu bya diplomasi, gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo gukusanya umutungo ku buryo n’umuturage w’Umututsi utuye mu cyaro kibisi mu Rwanda yateraga inkunga mu ibanga rikomeye n’ibindi umuntu atabasha kurondora, byabaye ibanga ry’intsinzi yagaruye Abatutsi ku butegetsi bw’u Rwanda. Nyamara FPR mu mugambi wo kwiyitirira ibyo, yashyizeho uburyo butuma nta muturage by’umwihariko, nta mututsi ushobora kongera kuba yatinyuka cyangwa yabona imbaraga zigamije guhindura imitegekere itaboneye igihugu kirimo kunyuzwamo. Ni muri urwo rwego, hubatswe imyumvire yo guhindura Abatutsi ingaruzwamuheto bwite za FPR zigomba kumva ko kubaho kwazo, ubwo buzima buzicesha FPR Inkotanyi yonyine.
ICURIKWA RY’AMATEKA Y’ABACITSE KW’ICUMU RYA GENOSIDE YAKOREWE ABATUTSI
Bimwe mu byaranze kononwa k’umurage w’Ubutwari waranze Abatutsi bashakaga igihugu, ni uko FPR Inkotanyi yabyongeyemo kwasamira ubutegetsi, ikabwifuza ititaye ku kiguzi cyose byasaba kirimo n’itemba ry’umuvu w’amaraso. Mu bihe biri mbere, hazagaragazwa uburyo umwuka wari mu gihugu mu myaka ya 1991-1994 wahishuraga uburyo igihugu cyari kimaze gucikamo kabiri, ku buryo uburyo bumwe bwonyine bwo kurinda/kurengera u Rwanda, kwari ugushyira imbere ibiganiro by’amahoro gusa. Ibyo bizagarukwaho, mu nyandiko zindi zihariye kuri icyo kibazo.
Inyota ya FPR yo gufata ubutegetsi yayishoye mu rugomo ndengakamere umuntu atabonera uko yita. Mu gihe genocide yakorewe Abatutsi yabagaho, FPR ubwayo yaranzwe n’imigirire itangaje harimo nk’ibaruwa yitirirwa GAHIMA-DUSAYIDI yanditswe mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa kane igenewe akanama k’umutekano k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, FPR ihakana ko muri uko kwezi nta genocide yari igikorerwa ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, bityo kohereza ingabo zibungabunga amahoro bitari bikenewe.
Icyo kinyoma cya FPR ubwacyo cyahishuye ko umugambi wayo atari ugushakira abanyarwanda ubuzima, ahubwo kwari ukwifatira ubutegetsi kubone n’ubwo byagendamo ubuzima bw’ibihumbagiza by’abantu. Inyandiko kandi z’ubushakashatsi zahishuye ko iperereza ry’abanyamerika ryari rifite amakuru agaragaza ko mu gihe haba iraswa ry’indenge ry’uwari umukuru w’Igihugu, byakurikirwa n’iyicwa ry’Abantu bagera byibura ku bihumbi 50.000. Uretse ko imibare itangwa ku bwicanyi yarenze uwo mubare ariko nawo utari muto. Ayo makuru y’iperereza, inyandiko z’abashakashatsi zigaragaza ko ubuyobozi bw’igisirikare cya FPR cyari kiyafite, ariko kikarenga kikikomereza gahunda yo guhitana Nyakwigendera Yuvenali Habyarimana. Mu Rwego rwo gusisibiranya uko kwinumira, gushyira igitutu kuri Loni ngo idatabara n’ibindi biyitera urubwa ko yakunze gutegeka kuruta gukunda no guha agaciro ubuzima bw’abantu, FPR yashyizeho uburyo bushya bw’imitekerereze buhatira Abacitse kw’icumu kuyibonamo umukiza wabo, aho gushaka kugerageza gusobanukirwa uruhare rwayo mu mahano yagwiririye igihugu.
Ni no muri urwo rwego mu gihe gishize hashyizweho ikiswe “Kigali’s ‘Campaign against Genocide Museum”, akaba ri musée yafunguwe mu nyubako y’Inteko Inshingamategeko, ahari hakambitse muri za 1994 batallons za FPR, akaba ari musée yashyiriweho kugaragaza uburyo inkotanyi zarokoye abahigwaga no guhagarika jenoside. Nubwo hari igice cy’ukuri kw’ibyitirirwa iyo kampeni, ariko hongerwamo n’amakabyankuru y’ibinyoma agamije gusa kurangaza no kubeshya urubyiruko rw’ubu ko FPR ariyo gakiza k’u Rwanda. Ariko ntawe ukwiye gutanganzwa nizo propaganda z’ibinyoma kuko n’igihe yinjira muri Kongo muri za 1997 ikicayo ibihumbagiza by’Abahutu nta gutoranya, FPR iraza ikagufatira abahonotse ubwo bwicanyi yakoraga, bakagenda bakwiza hose ko ahubwo ariyo yabarengeye. Uko gucurika amateka y’ubwicanyi ikigira malayika-mutabazi, ninako FPR ikorera abacitse kw’icumu ibumvisha ko ariyo zingiro ry’ubuzima bwayo.
Uwacitse kw’Icumu wese arimwo umwenda w’ubuzima wo gushimira Inkotanyi (lifelong debt/dette à vie)
Iyi ngengabitekerezo yo kumvisha uwacitse kw’icumu rya genoside wese ko kuba ariho abikesha FPR, ni uburyo bwashyizweho bwo gutuma uwacitsekwicumu yumva ko nta kindi yemerewe kubaza kuko nta kiruta kurengerwa ubuzima. Aha niho bigaragarira ko Abacitsekwicumu batinyuka kugira ibyo babaza FPR, bakurikizwa imfu ziteye ubwoba. Aya mayeri ya FPR yo kunyaga Abacitsekwicumu uburenganzira bwo kugira icyo bavuga ku miyoborere y’igihugu, uburenganzira bwo kurengera imitungo yabo bwite n’ubundi burenganzira butandukanye bamburwa, hitwajwe ko ngo yabarokoye, ni ubugome ndengakamere. Ariko se koko ubundi yarabarokoye? Ntawahakana ko hari umubare w’abantu wakijijwe n’abasirikare ba FPR. Ariko hari ibindi bihumbi byakijijwe n’abaturanyi n’inshuti, abandi barokorwa n’uko babashije kubona uburyo bihishimo abicanyi babahigaga. FPR kwifata ikigira umukiza w’abacitsekwicumu bose iyo bava bakagera, byinjira muri wa mugambi wayo wo kugoreka amateka y’abanyarwanda.
Aha ndanibutsa ko FPR ibicishije muri UNITYClub na IBUKA bashyizeho na programme yiswe “les justes”, maze bakitoranyiriza abo bishakiye bitwa intwari zakijije abantu, mu gihe hari ibindi bihumbi by’abantu byakoze ubutwari bwo kurinda no kurengera Abatutsi, ariko kuko batabonwa mu nyungu za FPR, amazina yabo nta n’ushobora gutinyuka kuyavuga, twongeyeho ahubwo ko hari n’abageretsweho ahubwo ibyaha by’ubwicanyi bagafungwa.
Nta gitangaza rero kirimo kuba abantu nka Dr Bizimana Jean Damascene ashobora kwifata akabwira Abacitsekwicumu ko bagomba kureka ibyo gushima Imana kuko ntacyo yabakoreye, Inkotanyi zitabakoreye. Imyumvire n’ingengabitekerezo yo kumvikanisha ko “Inkotanyi ni ubuzima”, ni uburyo bwo gufataho Abatutsi ingwate, bikaba uburyo bwo kubumvisha ko ntakindi bagomba kubaza ku by’ubuzima bw’igihugu cyabo ndetse nta n’impamvu iriho yo kwibaza ko hakenewe izindi mpinduka z’imiyoborere mu Rwanda. Ng’uko uko ikiswe umurage w’ubutwari bw’Abatutsi, FPR icyangirisha kwigundiriraho ubutegetsi, no guheza Abatutsi mu bugwate bwo kumva ko batabaho itariho.
